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上述單詞均有訴訟的含義。action, litigation和proceedings 都為一般術(shù)語,可指各種訴訟案件。但action則逐漸演變,現(xiàn)在多用于指民事訴訟了,因而有Action is a mode of proceeding.[1]的說法。如果要表示刑事訴訟,多應(yīng)在action前面加criminal予以區(qū)分。litigation除了指訴訟之外,還有訴訟程序的含義[2 ],如 Civil Litigation便為《民事訴訟程序》,是一本有關(guān)英國民事訴訟程序的專著。suit是lawsuit的簡略形式,主要用于指民事訴訟。
傳統(tǒng)上,action和suit之間的差異在于action指普通法法院的訴訟,其程序到法院判決(judgment)即終止;而suit則為衡平法法院的用語,其程序包括判決和執(zhí)行(judgment and execution)[3]。在美國,這兩個單詞的差異因衡平法法院和普通法法院的合并已經(jīng)不再存在。procedure主要是指訴訟程序,如criminal procedure code (刑—訴訟法典)等。
[1 ] Cf. Bryan A. Gamer, A Dictionary of Modem Legal Usage,2nd edition, at p. 20, Oxford University Press (1995).
[2 ]“The process of carrying on a lawsuit. ” Cf. Bryan A. Gamer,Black's Law Dictionary ,7 th edition, at p. 944, West Group (1999).
[3 ]“When the jurisdictional distinction existed, an action ended at judgment, but a suit in equity ended after judgment and execution. ” Cf. Bryan A. Gamer, A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage,2nd edition, at p. 20,Oxford University Press (1995).