(五)生態(tài)建設(shè)取得長足發(fā)展，環(huán)境保護全面加強
西藏是中國重要的生態(tài)屏障和安全屏障。和平解放前，西藏根本談不上宏觀生態(tài)建設(shè)和綜合環(huán)境保護。和平解放以來特別是改革開放以來，中央政府和西藏自治區(qū)政府高度重視生態(tài)建設(shè)和環(huán)境保護，投入了大量資金和人力、物力，特別是2002年中央決定建設(shè)160個重點生態(tài)保護建設(shè)項目。“十五”期間，國家投入西藏生態(tài)環(huán)境保護與建設(shè)的資金達32.43億元，“十一五”期間達到101.62億元，是“十五”期間的3倍多。西藏自治區(qū)人大和人民政府頒布實施的生態(tài)建設(shè)和環(huán)境保護類法規(guī)、規(guī)范性文件、部門規(guī)章30余件，形成了比較系統(tǒng)的地方性環(huán)境保護法規(guī)體系，如《土地管理法》、《水法》、《草原法》等。同時，積極推進天然林保護、退耕還林、退牧還草等工程，大力開展水土流失治理、防沙治沙和小流域綜合治理及地質(zhì)災(zāi)害防治工作。西藏在全國率先啟動草原生態(tài)保護獎勵機制試點工作，全面啟動農(nóng)村薪柴替代工程，15萬戶農(nóng)牧民用上清潔的沼氣能源。目前，西藏已建立21個生態(tài)功能保護區(qū)、7個國家森林公園、3個地質(zhì)公園、1個國家級風景名勝區(qū)以及47個各級各類自然保護區(qū)，保護區(qū)面積占西藏土地面積的34.5%，居全國之首。森林覆蓋率由和平解放時的不足1%提升到11.91%，保護濕地600余萬公頃。據(jù)最新環(huán)境公報顯示，西藏的水環(huán)境、大氣環(huán)境基本沒有受到污染，西藏基本保持了較為自然的原生狀態(tài)，是世界自然環(huán)境最好的地區(qū)之一。西藏已經(jīng)初步走上了一條經(jīng)濟發(fā)展與生態(tài)保護齊頭并進的可持續(xù)發(fā)展道路。2009年3月2日，中央政府批準《西藏生態(tài)安全屏障保護與建設(shè)規(guī)劃(2008-2030年)》，計劃投入資金155億元，到2030年基本建成西藏生態(tài)安全屏障。
5. Ecological conservation has been progressing rapidly, and environmental protection is being strengthened in an all-round way.
Tibet serves as an important ecology safety barrier in China. In old Tibet macro-ecological conservation or comprehensive environmental protection was out of the question. But since the peaceful liberation, and especially since the adoption of the reform and opening-up policies, the central and regional gov-ernments have attached great importance to ecological conser-vation and environmental protection, and earmarked large amounts of funds, manpower and materials in these endeavors. In 2002 the central government decided to launch 160 key projects in this regard. During the 10th Five-Year Plan (2001-2005), the state granted 3.243 billion yuan for ecological and environmental protection in Tibet, and during the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010) the figure tripled to 10.162 billion yuan. The People’s Congress and People’s Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region have published more than 30 local regulations, regulatory documents and administrative rules cov-ering ecological conservation and environmental protection. A relatively comprehensive system of environmental protection has taken shape. Meanwhile, Tibet actively carries out projects to protect its natural forests, and convert farmland into forest and pastures into grassland. It also makes efforts to control deser-tification and soil erosion, manage small watersheds and prevent geological disasters. Tibet led the whole country to initiate the ecological compensation mechanism for the protection of grassland. It has launched a project to replace firewood with clean energy, and 150,000 households have begun to use meth-ane gas. Tibet is home to 21 ecological function conservation areas, seven national forest parks, three geological parks, one state-class scenic area and 47 nature reserves at various levels, accounting for 34.5 percent of the total land area of the region, topping any other part in China. The forest coverage rate has risen from less than 1 percent before the peaceful liberation to 11.91 percent at present, and more than six million hectares of wetland have been protected. According to the latest report on the state of the environment of China, generally speaking, there is no pollution of the atmosphere or water in Tibet. The region has basically maintained its original natural state, being one of the areas with the best environmental quality in the world. Tibet has embarked on a path of sustainable development, with eco-nomic growth and ecological protection advancing side by side. On March 2, 2009 the central government approved the Plan for Ecology Safety Barrier Protection and Construction in Tibet (2008-2030), with the projected investment amounting to 15.5 billion yuan.
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