?。ㄋ模┦褂么罅糠顷P(guān)稅壁壘
世界貿(mào)易組織并不完全禁止對國內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)實行保護，但原則是削減非關(guān)稅壁壘、提升政策措施透明度，使其對貿(mào)易的扭曲減少到最低限度。美國采用大量更具隱蔽性、歧視性和針對性的非關(guān)稅壁壘，對國內(nèi)特定市場施以嚴(yán)格保護，明顯扭曲了貿(mào)易秩序和市場環(huán)境。
4. Use of large-scale non-tariff barriers
While the WTO does not completely prohibit countries from protecting their domestic industries, certain principles must be followed, including lower non-tariff barriers, greater transparency of policies and measures, and a minimal level of trade distortion. The US has put in place a large number of discriminatory non-tariff barriers that are more targeted yet disguised, in an effort to keep specific segments of the domestic market under strict protection. This approach constitutes a notable distortion of the trade order and market environment.
根據(jù)世界貿(mào)易組織統(tǒng)計，美國當(dāng)前已通報的衛(wèi)生和植物檢疫以及技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘措施分別有3004項和1574項，占全球的比重分別高達18%和6.6%（圖9）。聯(lián)合國貿(mào)發(fā)組織2018年6月29日的報告《對貿(mào)易監(jiān)管數(shù)據(jù)的分析揭露新的重大發(fā)現(xiàn)》中提到，要把一棵樹進口到美國，需滿足54項衛(wèi)生和植物檢疫措施相關(guān)要求。這些措施嚴(yán)重影響了貨物通關(guān)效率，增加了貿(mào)易成本。
圖表：圖9：美國的非關(guān)稅壁壘措施及占全球的比重 新華社發(fā)
According to the WTO, the US has reported 3,004 sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and 1,574 technical barriers to trade (TBT) measures, accounting for 18 percent and 6.6 percent of the world’s total (Chart 9). As reported in the UNCTAD’s “Analysis of Trade Regulations Data Flags Important New Findings” on June 29, 2018, a tree has to meet 54 SPS requirements before it can be imported into the US. These technical barriers have significantly lowered customs clearance efficiency and raised trade costs.
?。ㄎ澹E用貿(mào)易救濟措施
根據(jù)世界貿(mào)易組織規(guī)定，成員方在進口產(chǎn)品存在傾銷、補貼或進口過快增長對國內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)造成損害的情況下，可以使用貿(mào)易救濟措施，但有嚴(yán)格限定條件。美國大量使用貿(mào)易救濟措施對本國產(chǎn)業(yè)實施保護，其中相當(dāng)大一部分針對中國。
美國貿(mào)易保護主義措施增多，在全球占比不斷提高。全球貿(mào)易預(yù)警（Global Trade Alert）統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2017年，全球共有837項新的保護主義干預(yù)措施，其中美國出臺143項措施，占全球總數(shù)的17.1%。2018年1-7月底，美國出臺的保護主義措施占全球比重達到33%（圖10）。
圖表：圖10：美國每年新增貿(mào)易保護主義措施及占全球比重 新華社發(fā)
5. The abuse of trade remedy measures
While the WTO allows the use of trade remedy measures when a member economy finds damage caused to its domestic industries by dumping, subsidy or excessive growth in imports, strict limits and conditions do apply. However, the US has resorted to a huge number of trade remedy measures to protect its domestic industries. Many of these measures target China.
The US is adopting a growing number of trade protectionist measures, whose share of the world’s total is also rising. According to Global Trade Alert, among the 837 new protectionist measures adopted in 2017 worldwide, 143 (or 17.1 percent) were from the US. From January to the end of July in 2018, the US accounted for 33 percent of all protectionist measures in the world (Chart 10).
Chart 10: Additional Trade Protectionist Measures of the US and Their Global Share
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