1911年，辛亥革命爆發(fā)，推翻了清王朝，建立了中華民國。1912年3月11日，中華民國第一部憲法《中華民國臨時約法》明確規(guī)定中央對西藏的主權(quán)，宣布“西藏是中華民國領(lǐng)土的一部分”，提出“合漢、滿、蒙、回、藏諸族為一人，實行五族共和”。7月17日，民國政府設(shè)蒙藏事務局，隸屬國務院，管理蒙藏事務。1929年，南京國民政府設(shè)立蒙藏委員會，行使對西藏的行政管轄。1940年，國民政府在拉薩設(shè)立蒙藏委員會駐藏辦事處，作為中央政府在西藏地方的常設(shè)機構(gòu)。歷史事實表明，雖然民國期間軍閥混戰(zhàn)，內(nèi)亂頻仍，但中央政府仍在十分艱難的條件下維護了國家在西藏的主權(quán)。十四世達賴喇嘛丹增嘉措就是經(jīng)當時國民政府批準免于金瓶掣簽繼位的。國際上沒有一個國家和政府承認過西藏獨立。
(二)所謂的“西藏獨立”問題是近代帝國主義侵略勢力瓜分中國圖謀的一部分
The Revolution of 1911 toppled the Qing empire, and the Republic of China (1912-1949) was founded. On March 11, 1912 the Republic of China issued its first constitution — the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, which clari-fied the central government’s sovereignty over Tibet. It clearly stipulated that Tibet was a part of the territory of the Republic of China, and stated that “the Han, Manchu, Mongol, Hui and Ti-betan peoples are of one, and the five ethnic groups will be of one republic.” On July 17 the government set up the Bureau of Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs under the State Council. After the Provisional Government of the Republic of China was set up in Nanjing, the Commission for Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs was established in 1929 to exercise administrative jurisdiction over Tibet. In 1940 the Commission for Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs opened an office in Lhasa as the permanent mission of the central government in Tibet. The central government of the Republic of China safeguarded the nation’s sovereignty over Tibet in spite of frequent civil wars among warlords in the inte-rior. The 14th Dalai Lama, Dainzin Gyatso, succeeded to the title with the approval of the national government, which waived the lot-drawing convention. No country or government in the world has ever acknowledged the independence of Tibet.
2. So-called “Tibet independence” was part of imperialist aggressors’ attempt to carve up China.
1840年英國發(fā)動鴉片戰(zhàn)爭以后，中國逐步淪為半殖民地半封建社會。19世紀末，帝國主義掀起瓜分中國的狂潮，英國侵略勢力趁機染指西藏。英軍先后于1888年、1903年兩次武裝入侵西藏，因遭到西藏軍民的抵抗而失敗。在靠武裝侵略沒能達到將西藏變?yōu)橹趁竦氐哪康暮?，帝國主義開始在西藏培植親帝分裂勢力，策劃把西藏從中國分裂出去的活動，煽動“西藏獨立”。1907年8月31日，英俄帝國簽訂《西藏協(xié)定》，第一次在國際文件中把中國對西藏地方的主權(quán)篡改為“宗主權(quán)”。1913年，英帝國策劃召開西姆拉會議，唆使西藏代表首次提出“西藏獨立”的口號，當即遭到中國政府代表的拒絕。英國代表于是提出所謂“折衷”方案，企圖將中國在西藏地方的主權(quán)篡改為“宗主權(quán)”，使西藏在“自治”的名義下脫離中國政府的管轄，遭到中國政府和人民的堅決反對。1914年7月，中國政府代表奉命拒絕在《西姆拉條約》上簽字，并發(fā)表聲明概不承認任何此類條約或文件，同時將立場照會英國政府，西姆拉會議遂以破產(chǎn)而告終。1942年，西藏地方政府在英國代表的支持下突然宣布成立“外交局”，公開進行“西藏獨立”活動，因遭到全國人民和國民政府的反對而不得不改變原議。
1947年，英帝國主義幕后策劃邀請西藏派代表參加“泛亞洲會議”，在會場上懸掛的亞洲地圖和萬國旗中把西藏作為一個獨立國家來對待，經(jīng)中國代表團嚴正交涉，會議組織者不得不改正。1949年7月8日，西藏地方政府以“防止共產(chǎn)黨混跡西藏”為借口，下令將國民政府駐藏辦事處人員及相關(guān)人員驅(qū)趕出西藏，制造了“驅(qū)漢事件”。1949年11月，西藏地方政府決定派所謂的“親善使團”赴美國、英國、印度、尼泊爾等國，尋求對“西藏獨立”的政治支持和軍事援助，加緊分裂國家的活動。1949年底，美國人勞爾·湯姆斯以“無線評論員”名義在西藏探索“華盛頓給西藏以可能的援助”，并在美國報刊上宣稱“美國已準備承認西藏為獨立自由”的國家。1950年上半年，一批美國槍支彈藥經(jīng)由加爾各答進入西藏，用以對抗中國人民解放軍進藏。
Since the Opium War Britain started in 1840, China had been gradually reduced to a semi-colonial, semi-feudal country. At the end of the 19th century imperialist forces set off mad spree to carve up China, and the British aggressors took the op-portunity to invade Tibet. British troops intruded into Tibet twice — in 1888 and 1903 — but failed due to the resistance of the Tibetan army and civilians. After their failure to turn Tibet into a colony through armed aggression, the imperialists started to foster pro-imperialist separatists in Tibet，plotted activities to separate Tibet from China and trumpeted “Tibet independence.” On August 31, 1907 Britain and Russia signed the Convention between Great Britain and Russia on Tibet, changing, for the first time, China’s sovereignty over Tibet into “suzerainty” in an international document. In 1913 the British government engi-neered the Simla Conference to instigate the Tibetan representative to raise the slogan of “Tibet independence” for the first time, which was immediately rejected by the representative of the Chinese government. The British representative then introduced the so-called “compromise” scheme, attempting to change China’s sovereignty over Tibet into “suzerainty” and separate Tibet from the authority of the Chinese government under the pretext of “autonomy.” These ill-intentioned attempts met with resolute opposition from the Chinese people and government. In July 1914, upon instruction, the representative of the Chinese government refused to sign the Simla Convention, and made a statement saying that the government of China refused to recognize any such agreement or document. The Chinese government also sent a note to the British government, reiterating its position. Thereupon, the conference collapsed. In 1942 the local government of Tibet, with the support of the British representative, suddenly announced the establishment of a “foreign affairs bureau,” and openly carried out “Tibet independence” activities. With opposition from the Chinese people and the national gov-ernment, the local government of Tibet had no choice but to withdraw its decision.
In 1947 the British imperialists plotted behind the scenes to invite Tibetan representatives to attend the “Asian Relations Conference,” and even identified Tibet as an independent country on the map of Asia hung in the conference hall and in the array of national flags. The organizers were forced to rectify this after the Chinese delegation made a stern protest. On July 8, 1949 the local government of Tibet issued an order to expel officials of the Tibet Office of the Commission for Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs on the excuse of “prohibiting Communists from staying in Tibet.” In November 1949 the local government of Tibet decided to dispatch a so-called “goodwill mission” to the United States, Britain, India, Nepal and some other countries to seek political and military support for “Tibet independence,” making it obvious that it was intensifying separatist activities. Around the end of 1949 the American Lowell Thomas roamed Tibet in the guise of a “radio commentator” to explore the “possibility of aid that Washington could give Tibet.” He wrote in a US newspaper: “The United States is ready to recognize Tibet as an independent and free country.” In the first half of 1950 American weaponry was shipped into Tibet through Calcutta in order to help resist the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) in its entry into Tibet.
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