2012年以來中國國防費
進入新時代，與國家現代化進程相一致，著眼建設與中國國際地位相稱、與國家安全和發(fā)展利益相適應的鞏固國防和強大軍隊，進一步縮小與世界先進軍事水平的差距，解決軍隊打現代化戰(zhàn)爭能力不夠的問題，中國國防費規(guī)模保持了穩(wěn)步增長，支出結構持續(xù)優(yōu)化。
China’s Defense Expenditure Since 2012
In the new era, to keep pace with the country’s modernization, China is focusing on building a fortified national defense and a strong military commensurate with the country’s international standing, and its national security and development interests. China is striving to narrow the gap between its military and the world’s leading militaries, and make up the deficiencies in the military’s capabilities in modern warfare. Defense expenditure is growing steadily and the breakdown of spending is being continuously optimized.
中國國防費按用途劃分，主要由人員生活費、訓練維持費和裝備費構成。人員生活費用于軍官、文職干部、士兵和聘用的非現役人員，以及軍隊供養(yǎng)的離退休干部工資、津貼、伙食、被裝、保險、福利、撫恤等。訓練維持費用于部隊訓練、院校教育、工程設施建設維護以及其他日常消耗性支出。裝備費用于武器裝備的研究、試驗、采購、維修、運輸、儲存等。國防費的保障范圍包括現役部隊、預備役部隊、民兵等。
In terms of usage, China’s defense expenditure is assigned to three sectors – personnel, training and sustainment, and equipment. Personnel expenses mainly cover the salaries, allowances, food, bedding, clothing, insurance, subsidies and pensions for officers, non-ranking officers, soldiers and contracted civilians, as well as retirees supported from the defense budget. Training and sustainment expenses mainly cover training of the troops, institutional education, construction and maintenance of installations and facilities, and other expenditure on routine consumables. Equipment expenses mainly cover R&D, testing, procurement, repairs, maintenance, transport and the storage of weaponry and equipment. In terms of scope, defense expenditure covers all active forces, reserve forces and militia.
2012年以來增長的國防費主要用于：（一）適應國家經濟社會發(fā)展，提高和改善官兵生活福利待遇，落實軍隊人員工資收入定期增長機制，持續(xù)改善基層部隊工作、訓練和生活保障條件。（二）加大武器裝備建設投入，淘汰更新部分落后裝備，升級改造部分老舊裝備，研發(fā)采購航空母艦、作戰(zhàn)飛機、導彈、主戰(zhàn)坦克等新式武器裝備，穩(wěn)步提高武器裝備現代化水平。（三）深化國防和軍隊改革，保障軍隊領導指揮體制、部隊規(guī)模結構和力量編成、軍事政策制度等重大改革。（四）保障實戰(zhàn)化訓練，保障戰(zhàn)略訓練、戰(zhàn)區(qū)聯合訓練、軍兵種部隊訓練等，加強模擬化、網絡化、對抗性訓練條件建設。（五）保障多樣化軍事任務，保障國際維和、護航、人道主義救援、搶險救災等行動。
Since 2012, the increase in defense expenditure has been primarily spent for the following purposes:
1. Adapting to national economic and social development, improving the wellbeing of service personnel, ensuring regular increases in military salaries, and bettering the working, training and living conditions of the troops;
2. Increasing input in weaponry and equipment development, phasing out the outdated, upgrading the old, and developing and procuring the new, such as aircraft carriers, fighters, missiles and main battle tanks, to steadily modernize weaponry and equipment;
3. Deepening national defense and military reform, supporting major reforms in military leadership and command systems, force structure and composition, and policies and institutions;
4. Supporting training in real combat conditions, enhancing strategic-level training, joint training at TCs’ level and training of services and arms, and improving the conditions for simulated, networked and force-on-force training; and
5. Supporting diverse military tasks including the UNPKOs, vessel protection operations, humanitarian assistance operations and disaster relief efforts.
2012年至2017年，中國國防費從6691.92億元人民幣增加到10432.37億元人民幣。中國國內生產總值（GDP）按當年價格計算年平均增長9.04%，國家財政支出年平均增長10.43%，國防費年平均增長9.42%，國防費占國內生產總值平均比重為1.28%，占國家財政支出平均比重為5.26%。國防費占國內生產總值的比重穩(wěn)定，與國家財政支出保持同步協(xié)調增長。
中國國防費實行嚴格的財政撥款和預算管理制度。國防費使用堅持需求牽引、規(guī)劃主導，堅持量入為出、量力而行，加強集中統(tǒng)管，統(tǒng)籌存量增量，逐步推行國防費績效管理，推進以效能為核心的軍費管理改革。改進和加強預算管理，深化軍隊資金集中收付制度改革，加快經費標準化建設步伐，完善軍隊資產資金管理辦法。
From 2012 to 2017, China’s defense expenditure increased from RMB669.192 billion to RMB1,043.237 billion. China’s GDP and government expenditure grew at average rates of 9.04% and 10.43% respectively, calculated on the price of the indicated years, while its defense expenditure increased by an average of 9.42%. Defense expenditure accounted for 1.28% of GDP and 5.26% of government expenditure on average. The percentage of China’s defense expenditure in GDP remained stable and grew in coordination with the increase of government expenditure.
China applies strict mechanisms of fiscal allocation and budget management on its defense expenditure. It pursues a level of defense spending that is demand-oriented, planning-led and consistent with its capacity. It endeavors to strengthen unified management, coordinate existing and incremental expenditure, gradually practice cost-effectiveness management, and steadily press ahead with reform that is centered on efficacy and efficiency. To improve and strengthen budget management, China’s armed forces are extending reform of the centralized collection and payment of military funds, accelerating standardization in relation to defense expenditure, and improving the management of assets and funds.
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