國(guó)防費(fèi)的國(guó)際比較
在2017年國(guó)防費(fèi)位居世界前列的國(guó)家中，中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)無(wú)論是占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值和國(guó)家財(cái)政支出的比重，還是國(guó)民人均和軍人人均數(shù)額，都處于較低水平。
中國(guó)已成為世界第二大經(jīng)濟(jì)體。國(guó)防費(fèi)規(guī)模居于世界第二位，是由中國(guó)的國(guó)防需求、經(jīng)濟(jì)體量、防御性國(guó)防政策所決定的。從開(kāi)支總量看，2017年中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)不到美國(guó)的四分之一。
Comparison of Defense Expenditure in the International Context
Among countries ranking high in defense expenditure in 2017, China’s share of defense expenditure in GDP and government expenditure, as well as per capita and per-serviceperson defense spending, are all at a relatively low level.
China has become the world’s second largest economy. The fact that China’s defense expenditure ranks second in the world is determined by the demands of its national defense, the size of its economy, and the defensive nature of its national defense policy. In terms of total spending, China’s defense expenditure in 2017 was less than a quarter of that of the US.
從國(guó)防費(fèi)占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值比重看，2012年至2017年，中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值平均比重約為1.3%，美國(guó)約為3.5%、俄羅斯約為4.4%、印度約為2.5%、英國(guó)約為2.0%、法國(guó)約為2.3%、日本約為1.0%、德國(guó)約為1.2%。中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的平均比重在國(guó)防費(fèi)位居世界前列的國(guó)家中排在第六位，是聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)常任理事國(guó)中最低的。
As a percentage of GDP, from 2012 to 2017, China’s average defense expenditure was about 1.3%. Comparative figures were: the US about 3.5%, Russia 4.4%, India 2.5%, the UK 2.0%, France 2.3%, Japan 1.0%, and Germany 1.2%. China ranks 6th among these countries in terms of defense expenditure as a percentage of GDP on average and is the lowest among the permanent members of the UN Security Council (UNSC).
從國(guó)防費(fèi)占財(cái)政支出比重看，2012年至2017年，中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)占財(cái)政支出平均比重約為5.3%，美國(guó)約為9.8%、俄羅斯約為12.4%、印度約為9.1%、英國(guó)約為4.8%、法國(guó)約為4.0%、日本約為2.5%、德國(guó)約為2.8%。中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)占財(cái)政支出的平均比重排在第四位。
從人均國(guó)防費(fèi)水平看，2017年中國(guó)國(guó)民人均國(guó)防費(fèi)為750元人民幣，約相當(dāng)于美國(guó)的5%、俄羅斯的25%、印度的231%、英國(guó)的13%、法國(guó)的16%、日本的29%、德國(guó)的20%。中國(guó)軍人人均國(guó)防費(fèi)為52.16萬(wàn)元人民幣，約相當(dāng)于美國(guó)的15%、俄羅斯的119%、印度的166%、英國(guó)的27%、法國(guó)的38%、日本的35%、德國(guó)的30%。中國(guó)國(guó)民人均國(guó)防費(fèi)排在第七位，軍人人均國(guó)防費(fèi)排在第六位。
As a ratio of spending to government expenditure, from 2012 to 2017, China’s average defense expenditure was 5.3%. Comparative figures were: the US about 9.8%, Russia 12.4%, India 9.1%, the UK 4.8%, France 4.0%, Japan 2.5%, and Germany 2.8%. China ranks 4th among these countries in terms of defense expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure on average.
China’s per capita defense expenditure in 2017 was RMB750 – 5% of the US, 25% of Russia, 231% of India, 13% of the UK, 16% of France, 29% of Japan, and 20% of Germany. China’s per-serviceperson defense expenditure was RMB521,600 – 15% of the US, 119% of Russia, 166% of India, 27% of the UK, 38% of France, 35% of Japan, and 30% of Germany. China’s defense expenditure ranks 7th and 6th in per capita and per-serviceperson terms respectively among these countries.
中國(guó)堅(jiān)持執(zhí)行國(guó)防費(fèi)報(bào)告和公布制度。1978年以來(lái)，中國(guó)政府每年向全國(guó)人大提交財(cái)政預(yù)算報(bào)告，并對(duì)外公布年度國(guó)防費(fèi)預(yù)算總額。1995年，中國(guó)政府發(fā)布《中國(guó)的軍備控制與裁軍》白皮書(shū)，向世界公布國(guó)防費(fèi)情況。2007年以來(lái)，中國(guó)參加聯(lián)合國(guó)軍費(fèi)透明制度，每年向聯(lián)合國(guó)提交上一財(cái)政年度國(guó)防費(fèi)基本數(shù)據(jù)，按現(xiàn)役部隊(duì)、預(yù)備役部隊(duì)、民兵等類(lèi)別，提交人員生活費(fèi)、訓(xùn)練維持費(fèi)、裝備費(fèi)三大類(lèi)開(kāi)支數(shù)額和國(guó)防費(fèi)總額，并說(shuō)明中國(guó)國(guó)防費(fèi)的主要用途和占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值比重。
China reports and releases its defense expenditure through various mechanisms. Since 1978, the Chinese government has submitted annual budget reports to the National People’s Congress and released the total amount of defense budget. In 1995, the Chinese government issued a white paper, China: Arms Control and Disarmament, releasing data concerning its defense expenditure to the world. Since 2007, China has joined the UN Standardized Instrument for Reporting Military Expenditures and has submitted annually to the UN the basic data on its defense expenditure for the latest fiscal year, reporting total spending as well as personnel expenses, training and sustainment expenses, and equipment expenses for the active force, reserve force and the militia respectively, along with an explanation of the application of China’s defense expenditure and its ratio to GDP.
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