形式與內(nèi)容可以相互轉(zhuǎn)化,也是黑格爾提出來的。他在《小邏輯》中說,“我們在這里看到了形式與內(nèi)容的……相互轉(zhuǎn)化”。這種轉(zhuǎn)化的實質(zhì)是形式和內(nèi)容的結(jié)合關(guān)系的異化,這是符合客觀世界的規(guī)律的:形式和內(nèi)容的結(jié)合不存在“絕對關(guān)系”。(黑格爾《小邏輯》,第278頁)
就翻譯而論,形式的適度異化也是唯一可行的對策。我們似乎可以將這種適度異化厘訂出若干參照規(guī)范。今試以例為證,闡釋我們所謂的“形式適度異化的參照規(guī)范”。下面是《三國演義》第二十一回中一段著名的故事〈曹操煮酒論英雄〉以及英譯。譯者是Moss Roberts(UC Press,Berkeley,1991):
曹操煮酒論英雄 關(guān)公賺城斬車胄
……操曰:“夫英雄者,胸懷大志,腹有良謀,有包藏宇宙之機,吞吐天地之志者也?!毙略唬骸罢l能當(dāng)之?”操以手指玄德,后自指,曰:“今天下英雄,惟使君與操耳!”玄德聞言,吃了一驚,手中所執(zhí)匙箸,不覺落于地下。時正值天雨將至,雷聲大作。玄德乃從容俯首拾箸曰:“一震之威,乃至于此。”操笑曰:“丈夫亦畏雷乎?”玄德曰:“圣人迅雷風(fēng)烈必變,安得不畏?”將聞吉失箸緣故,輕輕掩飾過了。操遂不疑玄德。后有詩贊曰:“勉從虎穴暫趨身,說破英雄驚煞人。巧借聞雷來掩飾,隨機應(yīng)變信如神。”
以下是Roberts的英譯,請注意表現(xiàn)形式方面的運籌:
Cao Cao Warms Wine and Rates the Heroes of the Realm; Lord Gruan Takes Xuzhou by Stratagem and Beheads Che Zhou
.…. “Now," Cao Cao went on, "what defines a hero is this: a determination to conquer, a mind of marvelous schemes, an ability to encompass the realm, and the will to make it his." "Who merits such a description?" Xuande asked. Cao pointed first to Xuande, then to himself. “The
heroes of the present day,” he said, "number but two-you, my lord, and myself." Xuande gulped in panic. Before he realized it, his chopsticks had slipped to the ground. Then the storm came on. A peal of thunder gave him the chance to bend down casually and retrieve them. "See what a clap of thunder has made me do?" he remarked. "A great man afraid of thunder?" Cao asked. "Confucius himself became agitated in thunderstorms," Xuande reminded him. "How could I not fear them?" In this way he succeeded in glossing over the cause of his anxiety. Later a poet left these lines in admiration:
Xuande sheltered in the tiger's lair:
Cao betrayed two names that made him quake.
He seizes on the thunder as the cause -
A perfect ploy negotiates the pause.
譯文在形式上既有別于原文(漢語的)形式特征,又有別于譯語(英語的)形式特征:這是一種相互的、朝對方“靠攏”的轉(zhuǎn)化(即所謂“中性化”),當(dāng)然主要是譯語向原語靠攏。例如英語的詩歌是無所謂對仗(antithesis)的。譯者顯然盡力有意模仿漢語:正文前標(biāo)題兩行句子結(jié)構(gòu)都是SVO and(S)VO;語段中的一對一答也都扣得很緊。但在語詞用法、句法結(jié)構(gòu)、應(yīng)對關(guān)聯(lián)形式上都完全是英語式的。這就是我們所謂以“動態(tài)模仿”(dynamic mimesis)實現(xiàn)適度異化:其參照規(guī)范是一、在不失原意的前提下實現(xiàn)形式對應(yīng);二、在不失譯語句法結(jié)構(gòu)和語段發(fā)展的自然邏輯的前提下進(jìn)行形式模仿;三、以“體用關(guān)系”來說明則是以原語意義與意向,即內(nèi)容為“體”,以譯語的結(jié)構(gòu)手段為“用”;原語“體”具于內(nèi),譯語“用”見于外;體用并舉,二者均備又互為表里。
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