古今中外的翻譯理論家和翻譯家對翻譯的標準有著不同的看法,可謂是仁者見仁,智者見智。早期有嚴復提出的“信、達、雅”標準,而后有林語堂給出的“忠實標準、通順標準、美的標準”,以及錢鐘書的“化境” 說。
翻譯有眾多的標準,這表明翻譯的標準不是絕對的。而最基本的兩條標準是:“準確”(accuracy)和“通順”(smoothness)?!皽蚀_、通順”是醫(yī)學英語翻譯最基本的標準。醫(yī)學科學要求客觀、準確地表述;譯文也要符合這一要求,不得篡改原文的意思。以及,如果譯文詞不達意、文不通順,人們讀了之后不知所云,甚至產生誤解,就達不到有效交際的目的。請看下面的例文:
The Invention of Insulin
胰島素的發(fā)現(xiàn)
1. For centuries physicians studied diabetes, searching in vain for a cure. Finally, in the late 1800 a breakthrough occurred.
幾百年里,醫(yī)生在研究糖尿病,尋找治愈它的方法。最后,在19世紀末出現(xiàn)了突破。
2. It was discovered that the bodies of the diabetics had something in common. The group of cells in the pancreas was always damaged. These cells produced hormones that control blood sugar. That hormone was called insulin.
當時發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病病人的身體有某種共同之處。胰腺中的細胞總是受到損壞。這些細胞產生控制血糖的激素,叫胰島素。
3.Then in 1920, another breakthrough. Canadian surgeon Frederick Banting and the graduate student named Charles Best were studying how insulin was produced in the pancreas of dogs.
后來到了1920年出現(xiàn)了另一個突破。加拿大外科醫(yī)生費雷德里克?潘霆和名叫查理?貝斯特研究生在研究胰島素是如何在狗的胰腺中產生的。
4.On a hunch, Banting took an extract from the insulin-producing cells of healthy dogs, and then injected extracts into other dogs already afflicted with diabetes.
潘霆憑著一種預感,從健康的狗身上提取生產胰島素的細胞,然后注射到已經患有糖尿病的狗身上。
5.The results were stunning. Within a few hours, the blood sugar levels of the diabetic dogs decreased significantly
令人驚奇的結果出現(xiàn)了。在幾小時內,患有糖尿病的狗血糖大大地降低了。
6. Now Banting and his team set their sights on finding an animal whose insulin bore a close resemblance to human insulin.
接著潘霆和他的研究團隊把注意力放在找一種動物,它的胰島素與人的胰島素有密切的相似性。
7. He found a close match in the insulin taken from cow fetuses, purified it for safe treatment, then in January 1922, conducted the first clinical trial.
他從牛胎中找到了十分切合的胰島素,為安全治療起見把它純化。在1922年1月,進行首次臨床試驗。
8. Banting administered the insulin to a 14-year-old boy dying of diabetes.
潘霆把胰島素用于一位因患糖尿病而奄奄一息的14歲男孩身上。
9. And the boy made a dramatic recovery.
這位男孩戲劇般地得到康復。
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