青藏高原是亞洲多條主要江河的源頭區(qū)，也是中國水資源管理和水環(huán)境保護(hù)最嚴(yán)格的區(qū)域之一。國家不斷加大對青藏高原水環(huán)境保護(hù)力度，主要措施包括：編制重要水域綜合規(guī)劃，劃定江河湖泊水功能區(qū)，明確水域功能和水質(zhì)保護(hù)目標(biāo)，核定重要江河湖泊水功能區(qū)納污能力和限排總量，實(shí)行最嚴(yán)格的水資源管理制度。建立?。▍^(qū)）、地（市）、縣（區(qū)）三級行政區(qū)考核指標(biāo)體系，推進(jìn)水生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)與修復(fù)，保障青藏高原水生態(tài)環(huán)境安全。
“十二五”期間，國家投入253.12億元，用于青藏高原農(nóng)村飲水、水土保持、牧區(qū)水利等工程建設(shè)，解決了457.1萬農(nóng)牧民的飲水安全問題，并建成1400多座寺廟通水工程，保障了高氟、高砷、苦咸、污染水及局部嚴(yán)重缺水地區(qū)的飲水安全。2014年，國家投入4.78億元，支持納木錯(cuò)、羊卓雍錯(cuò)、克魯克湖和黃河源湖泊群等湖泊流域的環(huán)境治理和生態(tài)修復(fù)。近年來，實(shí)施小流域生態(tài)綜合治理、坡耕地水土流失綜合整治等工程，新增水土流失治理面積1730平方公里。實(shí)施三江源、青海湖、祁連山生態(tài)保護(hù)等工程，每年向下游輸送600億立方米的優(yōu)質(zhì)水。目前，青藏高原主要江河湖泊基本處于天然狀態(tài)，水質(zhì)狀況保持良好。
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is where a number of Asia’s largest rivers see their headwaters; it is one of the regions under the strictest water resource management and water environment protection in China. The state has reinforced protection on the Plateau with a set of key measures including: compiling comprehensive planning for major water bodies, demarcating the functional zones of rivers and lakes, clearly defining the functions of water bodies and the goals of water quality protection, determining the pollution accommodating capacity of major rivers and lakes and the total volume of discharges allowed, and introducing a strictest system of water resource management. A system of assessment quotas has been established at three administrative levels – province (autonomous region), prefecture (city) and county (district) – as a measure to promote water environment protection and restoration and ensure the security of water ecology on the Plateau.
During the 12th Five-year Plan period, the state spent RMB25.31 billion on Plateau projects related to rural drinking water, water and soil conservation, and water conservation on pasture land, providing safe drinking water to 4.57 million farmers and herdsmen, and building water supply facilities for 1,400 monasteries. Drinking water is now safe in areas where local water has high fluoride and arsenide levels, tastes bitter and salty or is highly polluted, and in places that are seriously short of water. In 2014, the state invested RMB478 million in the environmental improvement and ecological restoration projects of Namco, Yamzho Yumco, Keluke Lake and the lakes at the source of the Yellow River. In recent years, a total of 1,730 sq km of land have been saved from soil erosion due to the effort invested in small river basin ecological improvement and hillside land soil conservation. Thanks to the ecological protection endeavors at the source of three large rivers, the Qinghai Lake and the Qilian Mountains, 60 billion cu m of quality water is supplied to downstream areas every year. At present, the major rivers and lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are basically in their original natural conditions with good water quality.
土壤功能有效提升
青藏高原是全球受污染最少的地區(qū)之一，土壤環(huán)境總體處于自然本底狀態(tài)。土壤類型和重金屬元素含量受控于成土母巖性質(zhì)和氣候條件，人類活動(dòng)的影響較小。高原湖泊沉積物中銅、鎳、鉛等重金屬元素含量低于人類活動(dòng)頻繁區(qū)湖泊沉積物。從耕地土壤來看，西藏大部分耕地土壤重金屬元素含量優(yōu)于國家一級土壤標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
隨著生態(tài)建設(shè)與環(huán)境保護(hù)相關(guān)措施的逐步實(shí)施，青藏高原土壤生態(tài)功能得到有效提升。近50年，中國草地土壤碳儲量呈波動(dòng)式增加趨勢，其中青藏高原草地土壤碳儲量的貢獻(xiàn)最大（63.1%），高原高寒草地3米深的土壤無機(jī)碳庫約占全國土壤無機(jī)碳庫的70%。從水源涵養(yǎng)能力看，青藏高原年均水源涵養(yǎng)量達(dá)3450億立方米。三江源生態(tài)保護(hù)與建設(shè)一期工程完成后，林草生態(tài)系統(tǒng)年均水源涵養(yǎng)量比工程實(shí)施前增加了15.60%；圍欄封育等措施也促進(jìn)了土壤有機(jī)碳、土壤水分、土壤微生物環(huán)境等性狀改善。
Soil functions have been effectively enhanced.
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is one of the least polluted areas on earth, and the soil environment is overall in its original environmental background state. The soil types and the heavy metal element content are determined by the property of parent rocks and climatic conditions, and little impacted by human activities. The content of copper, nickel, lead and other heavy metals in the local lake deposits is lower than those of lake deposits in places more frequented by humans. The heavy metal content in the arable soils is lower than the national standards for soil of Grade I.
Along with the implementation of ecological and environmental protection measures, the ecological functions of the local soils have been effectively enhanced. Over the last 50 years, the carbon storage in China’s grassland soils has displayed a tendency of undulating increase, with the grasslands on the Plateau contributing the most (63.1 percent) and the inorganic carbon pool in the soils three meters under the alpine grasslands accounting for 70 percent of the national total. The annual water conservation volume is 345 billion cu m. Following the completion of phase I of the Sanjiangyuan ecological protection and construction project, the annual water conservation volume of the forest and grassland ecosystems has increased by 15.6 percent, and fencing the forests has also contributed to improvement in the organic carbon, moisture and micro-organics content in the soils.
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