以上詞組均為侵權(quán)法中的術(shù)語(yǔ)。concurrent negligence為“并存過(guò)失”，指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上侵權(quán)行為人（被告）獨(dú)立（不一定同時(shí)）對(duì)一個(gè)受害人（原告）加害，造成同一傷害或損失而負(fù)有過(guò)失責(zé)任[1]。joint negligence為“共同過(guò)失”，其與concurrent negligence很相似，差別在于其是指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的侵權(quán)行為人同時(shí)而非獨(dú)立加害而導(dǎo)致一個(gè)傷害之過(guò)失責(zé)任[2]。comparative negligence為“比較過(guò)失”或“相對(duì)過(guò)失”，主要用在賠償金的確認(rèn)上，即按行為人（被告）的過(guò)失大小決定其承擔(dān)的賠償金的比例，而受害人（原告）也會(huì)因其自身的過(guò)失而減少索賠所得[3]。contributory negligence多為“混合過(guò)失”或“與有過(guò)失”（現(xiàn)有不少英漢詞典將其當(dāng)作“共同過(guò)失”，此純屬ー種錯(cuò)誤[4]），指?jìng)驌p失是因加害人和受害人，即原告和被告共同責(zé)任所致[5]。目前美國(guó)很多州的有關(guān)contributory negligence的法則已經(jīng)被comparative negligence的法則所替代。
[1] "The negligence of two or more parties acting independently but causing the same
damage." Cf. Bryan A. Gamer, Black's Law Dictionary, 7th edition, at p. 1056, West Group (1999).
[2] "The negligence of two or more persons acting together to cause an accident." Id. at p. 1057.
[3] "The modem doctrine that as between a plaintiff and a defendant in a tort case, and sometimes as among several defendants, fault ( and liability for damages) should be allocated in proportion to each party's contribution to the injury or loss complained." Cf. James E. Clapp, Random House Webster's Dictionary of the Law, at p. 297, Random House, New York (2000).