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常用詞careful與spoonful中含有一個來自英語單詞full的派生后綴-ful。它可以加在名詞后面構(gòu)成形容詞或名詞。1) -ful充當(dāng)形容詞后綴時,讀作/f?l/,它一般加在抽象名詞后面,其主要 意思為full of?(充滿…的)。此外,又引申出showing (表現(xiàn)為 …的),having the qualities of ?(具有…性質(zhì)的),having the tendency of?(易于…的),以及that can be of?(可…的)。2)充當(dāng)名詞后綴時,-ful讀作/f?l/,它跟在表示容器、空間的名詞之后,意為as much as a?can hold (一…的容量)。
下面,我們用代表性詞例來說明上述兩種用法。
cheerful [cheer n. 高興;-ful→]a. full of cheer; joyful; glad 快樂的;高興的;振奮的/ She is a smiling cheerful girl. 她是個愛笑愛樂的姑娘。
careful [care n. 小心,關(guān)懷;-ful→]a. ① showing care; done with thought and effort 細(xì)心的;精心的;細(xì)致的 / Arithmetic requires careful work.做算術(shù)要細(xì)心運算。② full of care or concern 關(guān)心的,愛護(hù)的 / She was careful of the feelings of others. 她很注意體諒別人的感情。
harmful [harm n. 損害;-ful=>“having a tendeney to do harm 易于損害的”→]a. causing harm; injurious 有害的/ Irrationally held truths may be more harmful than reasoned errors. 盲目接受的真理可能比經(jīng)過推理而犯下的錯誤更為有害。