圖表：圖4：中美經(jīng)貿(mào)往來獲益大致平衡（2009—2015年，單位：十億美元） 新華社發(fā)

　　中美貨物貿(mào)易差額是美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)性問題的必然結(jié)果，也是由兩國(guó)比較優(yōu)勢(shì)和國(guó)際分工格局決定的。中美雙邊貨物貿(mào)易差額長(zhǎng)期存在并不斷擴(kuò)大，是多重客觀因素共同作用的結(jié)果，并不是中國(guó)刻意追求的結(jié)果。

第一，這是美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)儲(chǔ)蓄不足的必然結(jié)果。從國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)核算角度看，一國(guó)經(jīng)常項(xiàng)目是盈余還是赤字，取決于該國(guó)儲(chǔ)蓄與投資的關(guān)系。美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的典型特征是低儲(chǔ)蓄、高消費(fèi)，儲(chǔ)蓄長(zhǎng)期低于投資，2018年第一季度，美國(guó)凈國(guó)民儲(chǔ)蓄率僅為1.8%。為了平衡國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)，美國(guó)不得不通過貿(mào)易赤字形式大量利用外國(guó)儲(chǔ)蓄，這是美國(guó)貿(mào)易逆差形成并長(zhǎng)期存在的根本原因。自1971年以來，美國(guó)總體上處于貿(mào)易逆差狀態(tài)，2017年與102個(gè)國(guó)家存在貿(mào)易逆差。美國(guó)貿(mào)易逆差是一種內(nèi)生性、結(jié)構(gòu)性、持續(xù)性的經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)象。美國(guó)目前對(duì)中國(guó)的貿(mào)易逆差，只是美國(guó)對(duì)全球貿(mào)易逆差的階段性、國(guó)別性反映。

The gap in China-US trade in goods is a natural outcome of the US economic structure, and a result of the two countries’ comparative strengths and the international division of labor. The persistent and growing gap in trade in goods between the two countries is a result of a number of factors, rather than China’s intent.

First, it is a natural outcome of a low savings rate in the US. From the perspective of national accounts, the balance of a country’s current account is decided by the relationship between savings and investment. The US economy is characterized by low savings and high consumption. Savings have been lower than investment for many years. In the first quarter of 2018, the US net national savings rate was as low as 1.8%. To balance its domestic economy, the US has to attract a large amount of foreign savings by trade deficit. This is the fundamental cause of the US trade deficit over the years. The US began to run trade deficits in its foreign trade in 1971, and by 2017 it was running trade deficits with 102 countries. The US trade deficit is an endogenous, structural and sustained economic phenomenon. The current trade deficit of the US with the rest of the world has shifted among its trading partners and resides with China for the time being.