與此同時(shí)，西藏地方政府在帝國(guó)主義侵略勢(shì)力的慫恿和西藏上層親帝分裂勢(shì)力的把持下，極力擴(kuò)充藏軍，并以其主力7個(gè)代本(相當(dāng)于團(tuán))沿金沙江西岸陳兵于以昌都為中心的周圍地區(qū)，企圖阻止人民解放軍進(jìn)軍解放西藏。昌都為從西南入藏的必經(jīng)之地。1950年8月23日，毛澤東指出占領(lǐng)昌都“對(duì)于爭(zhēng)取西藏政治變化及明年進(jìn)軍拉薩，是有利的”，“有可能促使西藏代表團(tuán)來京談判，求得和平解決”。10月6日起，人民解放軍進(jìn)藏部隊(duì)從南北兩線分別渡過金沙江執(zhí)行解放昌都的作戰(zhàn)任務(wù)。10月19日，昌都解放。在此基礎(chǔ)上，昌都地區(qū)第一次人民代表會(huì)議召開，選舉產(chǎn)生了昌都地區(qū)人民解放委員會(huì)，成立了昌都地區(qū)僧俗人民爭(zhēng)取和平解放西藏工作委員會(huì)。昌都戰(zhàn)役打開了和平談判的大門，為促進(jìn)西藏和平解放創(chuàng)造了必要條件。

　　(四)簽訂《十七條協(xié)議》，實(shí)現(xiàn)西藏和平解放

Meanwhile, the local government of Tibet, incited by impe-rialist aggressors and dominated by the pro-imperialist separat-ists in the upper strata of Tibet, expanded the Tibetan army and deployed seven regiments in areas around Qamdo along the western bank of the Jinsha River, in an attempt to halt the PLA’s advance into Tibet. Qamdo was the only way into Tibet from the southwest. On August 23, 1950 Mao Zedong pointed out that the capture of Qamdo “will help us to change the political situation in Tibet and advance into Tibet next year,” and “may spur the Tibetan delegation to come to Beijing for negotiations for a peaceful settlement.” On October 6 the PLA troops started to cross the Jinsha River to carry out the task of liberating Qamdo. On October 19 Qamdo was liberated. On this basis, the First People’s Congress of Qamdo was held, at which the Qamdo People’s Liberation Committee was elected and a working committee was founded, composing of representatives from both the ecclesiastical and secular, in Qamdo to strive for the peaceful liberation of Tibet. The Qamdo Battle opened the door to peace negotiations and created the necessary conditions for the peaceful liberation of Tibet.

4. The 17-Article Agreement was signed, and Tibet was liberated peacefully.

　　中央人民政府和毛澤東主席始終沒有放棄和平解放西藏的努力，在昌都戰(zhàn)役進(jìn)行中，仍催促西藏“代表團(tuán)應(yīng)速來京”。昌都戰(zhàn)役促使西藏地方政府內(nèi)部發(fā)生分化，愛國(guó)進(jìn)步力量占據(jù)上風(fēng)，主張親帝分裂的攝政達(dá)扎·阿旺松饒被迫下臺(tái)，十四世達(dá)賴?yán)镉?1月17日提前親政，西藏地方政局朝著有利于和平解放的趨勢(shì)發(fā)展。

　　1951年1月2日，十四世達(dá)賴?yán)镆凭游鞑貋問|，一面對(duì)我進(jìn)行觀望，一面向英、美、印、尼等國(guó)求援，伺機(jī)逃往國(guó)外，但是沒有一個(gè)國(guó)家愿意公開支持“西藏獨(dú)立”。西藏地方政府也相應(yīng)地分為留守的“拉薩噶廈”和臨時(shí)性的“亞東噶廈”兩部分。隨后，西藏地方政府“官員會(huì)議”決定正式派出代表到北京同中央人民政府和談。達(dá)賴?yán)镌谥轮醒肴嗣裾硎驹敢夂推秸勁械男胖姓f：“過去，在我年幼未掌權(quán)期間，藏漢之間關(guān)系屢遭破壞，近日已通知阿沛及隨員從速啟程去北京。為爭(zhēng)取時(shí)間，我們將再給阿沛兩位助手，經(jīng)印度前往北京?！痹谥醒肴嗣裾褡迤降日吆秃推浇夥盼鞑胤结樀母姓傧拢鞑氐胤秸沙隽伺c中央人民政府和談的全權(quán)代表團(tuán)，阿沛·阿旺晉美為首席代表，凱墨·索安旺堆、土丹旦達(dá)、土登列門、桑頗·登增頓珠為代表。代表團(tuán)分作兩路啟程，于1951年4月27日齊聚北京，受到中央人民政府的歡迎。隨即，中央人民政府組成談判代表團(tuán)，李維漢為首席全權(quán)代表，張經(jīng)武、張國(guó)華、孫志遠(yuǎn)為全權(quán)代表。經(jīng)過友好協(xié)商，中央人民政府和西藏地方政府于1951年5月23日在北京簽訂了《關(guān)于和平解放西藏辦法的協(xié)議》。

The Central People’s Government and Chairman Mao Ze-dong had never given up their efforts for the peaceful liberation of Tibet. Even during the Qamdo Battle, Mao Zedong urged that the Tibetan “delegation should come to Beijing as soon as poss-ible.” The Qamdo Battle led to a division within the local gov-ernment of Tibet, when patriotic and advanced forces got the upper hand, while the pro-imperialist separatist Regent Taktra Ngawang Sungrab was forced to resign. On November 17 the 14th Dalai Lama assumed power, and the political situation in Tibet started to develop in the direction of peaceful liberation.

On January 2, 1951 the 14th Dalai Lama moved to the Tibetan city of Yadong, on the one hand taking a wait-and-see attitude, and on the other seeking support from Britain, the US, India and Nepal while awaiting an opportunity to flee abroad. But no country wished to publicly support “Tibet indepen-dence.” Correspondingly, the local government of Tibet was divided into a Kashag who remained in Lhasa and a temporary Kashag in Yadong. Following this, an “officials’ meeting” of the local government of Tibet decided to formally send delegates to Beijing for peace negotiations with the Central People’s Gov-ernment. In his letter to the Central People’s Government to express his wish for peace talks, the 14th Dalai Lama said, “In the past when I was young and had not taken power, the Tibe-tan-Han relationship was repeatedly disrupted. Recently I have notified Ngapoi (Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme) and his entourage to set out for Beijing as soon as possible. Racing against time, we will add another two assistants to Ngapoi, who will go to Beijing via India.” Inspired by the Central People’s Government’s policy of equality of all ethnic groups and peaceful liberation of Tibet, the local government of Tibet sent a delegation for peace talks with the Central People’s Government. The plenipotentiary representatives included the Chief Representative Ngapoi Nga-wang Jigme, and representatives Kemai Soinam Wangdui, Tub-dain Daindar, Tubdain Legmoin and Sampo Dainzin Toinzhub. The representatives set out in two groups, and assembled in Beijing on April 27, 1951. They received a warm welcome from the Central People’s Government, which also organized a dele-gation, including Chief Representative Li Weihan and repre-sentatives Zhang Jingwu, Zhang Guohua and Sun Zhiyuan. After friendly talks, the Central People’s Government and the local government of Tibet signed the Agreement of the Central People’s Government and the Local Government of Tibet on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet in Beijing on May 23, 1951.