翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是一種模糊測(cè)度。翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不能單純地說好說壞, 非此即彼的二值邏輯的判別,在翻譯中是很少使用的,除了外行評(píng)價(jià)內(nèi)行,或者只是作出一種籠統(tǒng)的判斷外,一般不使用。作為行內(nèi)的評(píng)價(jià),就像給學(xué)生的翻譯作業(yè)打分一樣,也有五分制,更有百分制,評(píng)判者都在不同的程度上打上相應(yīng)的分?jǐn)?shù),這表明翻譯實(shí)踐的評(píng)判是有層次的。在不同的條件下,好的翻譯有不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),你認(rèn)為好的,他不認(rèn)為好。此時(shí)好的,彼時(shí)不一定好。
不妨借用一下隸屬度,這是一種經(jīng)院式的定量評(píng)價(jià)方法,實(shí)際評(píng)價(jià)中并不常用。精通數(shù)學(xué)的趙元任就說過:“總之上文講起信的各種幅度的時(shí)候都好像拿它當(dāng)作可以衡量的獨(dú)立變數(shù)似的。其實(shí)那些幅度既不能作定量的準(zhǔn)衡,又不是各自獨(dú)立不相牽涉的,更談不到怎么設(shè)立一個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)的函數(shù)來求得一個(gè)最大數(shù)值的總信度了。”但可以將它與實(shí)踐當(dāng)中常用的定性評(píng)價(jià)方法對(duì)應(yīng)起 來,體現(xiàn)常說的“八九不離十”的尺度。設(shè)譯作與原作完全等值(實(shí)為不譯)為1,完全不等值為0,則有九個(gè)層次:
九個(gè)層次中,全譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)自然是趨近于極似,而變譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)則在極似之外的八個(gè)層次中?,F(xiàn)結(jié)合一則廣告翻譯說明全譯與變譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之別。
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