?。ㄎ澹┈F(xiàn)任美國(guó)政府背信棄義
規(guī)則意識(shí)和契約精神是市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)和現(xiàn)代國(guó)際秩序的基礎(chǔ)。遵守規(guī)則、尊重契約使得不同個(gè)人、群體和國(guó)家可以形成廣泛合作，是人類進(jìn)入文明社會(huì)的主要特征。現(xiàn)任美國(guó)政府不顧各國(guó)公認(rèn)、普遍遵循的國(guó)際交往準(zhǔn)則，采取了一系列背信棄義的做法，對(duì)國(guó)際關(guān)系采取機(jī)會(huì)主義態(tài)度，引發(fā)國(guó)際社會(huì)廣泛質(zhì)疑和批評(píng)。美國(guó)這些急功近利的短視做法，損害了美國(guó)的國(guó)際信譽(yù)，將動(dòng)搖美國(guó)國(guó)際地位和戰(zhàn)略利益。
5. The current US administration is violating its own commitments
Respect for rules and contract has been the foundation of the market economy and the international order since the advent of modern times. It makes cooperation between different individuals, groups and countries possible, which is a defining feature of civilized human society. The current US administration has turned its back on universally-recognized and widely-observed norms governing international relations, and made a series of moves in violation of its own commitments. The opportunism of the US toward international relations has been widely challenged and criticized by the international community. The short-sighted actions of the US in pursuit of short-term interests harm its international credibility, and will undermine its international standing and prejudice its strategic interests.
美國(guó)政府藐視國(guó)際協(xié)定的權(quán)威性，擾亂全球治理秩序。以國(guó)家名義做出的承諾和簽署的協(xié)定不受政府換屆干擾，保持一貫性，是一國(guó)保持國(guó)際信譽(yù)的基礎(chǔ)。現(xiàn)任美國(guó)政府夸大多邊體制問題和國(guó)家之間的分歧，不愿承擔(dān)維護(hù)國(guó)際秩序成本，對(duì)國(guó)際規(guī)則約束進(jìn)行選擇性遵守，接連退出聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織、人權(quán)理事會(huì)等多個(gè)國(guó)際組織，退出了上屆美國(guó)政府力推達(dá)成的跨太平洋伙伴關(guān)系協(xié)定和巴黎氣候協(xié)定，強(qiáng)制要求重談北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定和美韓自貿(mào)協(xié)定。
以聯(lián)合國(guó)、世界銀行、國(guó)際貨幣基金組織和關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定為起點(diǎn)，經(jīng)過不斷完善，形成了今天的全球政治經(jīng)濟(jì)治理體系。世界貿(mào)易組織是當(dāng)前重要的多邊經(jīng)貿(mào)機(jī)制，在國(guó)際經(jīng)貿(mào)合作中發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用，在世界上受到普遍尊重和認(rèn)同，目前成員已超過160個(gè)。但是，美國(guó)經(jīng)常違反世界貿(mào)易組織規(guī)則，1995-2015年期間，因美國(guó)未執(zhí)行世界貿(mào)易組織爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)制裁定而被勝訴方提出暫停申請(qǐng)、中止對(duì)美國(guó)關(guān)稅減讓義務(wù)的案件數(shù)量占到世界貿(mào)易組織同類案件總數(shù)量的2/3。
The US administration shows no respect for the sanctity of international agreements and disrupts global governance order. A country should uphold the commitments and agreements it has entered into regardless of government succession. This is essential for a country’s credibility. Exaggerating problems in the multilateral system and differences between countries, the current US administration, unwilling to bear the cost of upholding the international order, has taken a selective approach to international rules. It has withdrawn from international organizations such as UNESCO and the UNHRC, pulled out from the TPP and the Paris Agreement that the previous US administration worked so hard to conclude, and is demanding renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and US-Korea Free Trade Agreement.
The global political and economic governance system has only become what it is through constant improvements, starting from the inception of the United Nations (UN), the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO is an important multilateral trading regime with a total of over 160 members. It is essential to global trade cooperation, and is widely respected and recognized in the world. However, the US frequently violates WTO rules. The number of cases where members requested a suspension of the application of tariff concessions, or suspended tariff concession obligations to the US due to the latter’s failure to comply with the rulings of the DSB, accounted for two thirds of all such cases between 1995 and 2015.
這一系列行為，是對(duì)國(guó)際契約的違背，是對(duì)經(jīng)貿(mào)伙伴的不尊重，更是對(duì)美國(guó)國(guó)家信譽(yù)的損害。世界經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇發(fā)布的《2018年全球風(fēng)險(xiǎn)報(bào)告》指出，美國(guó)對(duì)多邊主義秩序造成的侵害，以及美國(guó)阻撓世界貿(mào)易組織上訴機(jī)構(gòu)新法官任命，將加劇2018年的全球風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
美國(guó)政府破壞市場(chǎng)機(jī)制，直接干預(yù)商業(yè)行為?，F(xiàn)任美國(guó)政府屢屢突破政府邊界，對(duì)市場(chǎng)主體實(shí)施直接干預(yù)。例如，不顧商業(yè)規(guī)律，要求蘋果公司等美國(guó)企業(yè)海外工廠回遷。此外，美國(guó)政府還對(duì)美國(guó)企業(yè)對(duì)外投資進(jìn)行恐嚇阻撓。例如，2017年1月3日，警告通用汽車，如果它繼續(xù)在墨西哥制造雪佛蘭科魯茲型號(hào)汽車的話，將需要支付大額關(guān)稅；2018年7月3日，威脅哈雷公司不得將生產(chǎn)業(yè)務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)移出美國(guó)；通過社交媒體點(diǎn)名批評(píng)威脅企業(yè)高管，以各種借口加強(qiáng)對(duì)正常并購(gòu)交易的審查等。
These actions of the US violate international contracts and disrespect its trading partners, and what is more, undermine its credibility as a country. The “Global Risks Report 2018” released by the World Economic Forum pointed out that global risks will intensify in 2018, as the US erodes multilateralism and blocks appointments to the WTO’s appellate body.
The US administration has undermined the market mechanism through direct intervention in business operations. The current US administration has time and again overstepped its purview to directly meddle with market players. For instance, it has demanded that Apple and some other American companies move their overseas factories back to the US, regardless of market rules. The administration has also intimidated and obstructed American companies making investments abroad. For instance, on January 3, 2017, General Motors was threatened with a heavy border tax for continuing to make Chevrolet Cruze models in Mexico. On July 3, 2018, Harley-Davidson was warned not to move part of its operation out of the US. Executives of American companies have been named and shamed on social media, as the administration tightens supervision over normal merger deals under various pretexts.
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