?。ㄈ┨峁┐罅垦a(bǔ)貼，扭曲市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)

　　美國(guó)聯(lián)邦和地方政府對(duì)部分產(chǎn)業(yè)和企業(yè)提供大量補(bǔ)貼、救助和優(yōu)惠貸款，這些補(bǔ)貼行為在很大程度上阻礙了市場(chǎng)的公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。根據(jù)美國(guó)補(bǔ)貼監(jiān)控組織“好工作優(yōu)先”統(tǒng)計(jì)，2000-2015年間，美國(guó)聯(lián)邦政府以撥款、稅收抵免等方式至少向企業(yè)補(bǔ)貼了680億美元，其中582家大公司獲得的補(bǔ)貼占總額的67%。同一時(shí)期，美國(guó)聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu)向私人部門提供了數(shù)千億美元的貸款、貸款擔(dān)保和救助援助。享受美國(guó)政府補(bǔ)貼的行業(yè)十分廣泛，在列入統(tǒng)計(jì)的49個(gè)行業(yè)中，汽車、航空航天和軍工、電氣和電子設(shè)備、油氣、金融服務(wù)、化工、金屬、零售、信息技術(shù)等均在前列。美國(guó)州和地方政府也給予了企業(yè)大量補(bǔ)貼。由于州政府在補(bǔ)貼方面基本不受聯(lián)邦政府的管轄，其補(bǔ)貼方式及金額透明度低，具有較大隱蔽性，實(shí)際補(bǔ)貼額遠(yuǎn)高于其披露數(shù)額。

3. Large subsidies that distort market competition

US governments at federal and sub-national levels provide large subsidies, bailout assistance, and concessional loans to some sectors and companies. Such actions obstruct, to a large extent, fair market competition. According to Good Jobs First, an American organization that tracks subsidies, between 2000 and 2015, the federal government provided at least US$68 billion in grants and special tax credits to businesses, with 582 large companies receiving 67 percent of the total.  During the same period, federal agencies gave the private sector hundreds of billions of dollars in loans, loan guarantees, and bailout assistance. A wide range of sectors received government subsidies. Motor vehicles, aerospace and military contracting, electrical and electronic equipment, oil and gas, financial services, chemicals, metals, and retailing and information technologies ranked among the top of the 49 tracked sectors.  State and local governments also gave enormous subsidies to companies. The amounts of subsidies at the state level are basically not subject to federal jurisdiction, hence the difficulty in assessing their specific scale and nature. Actual amounts of the state-level subsidies are much higher than the disclosed figures.

　　在航空領(lǐng)域，美國(guó)波音公司2000年以來(lái)獲得聯(lián)邦和州（地方）政府的定向補(bǔ)貼金額145億美元；2011年以來(lái)獲得來(lái)自各級(jí)政府的貸款、債券融資、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資、貸款擔(dān)保、救助等737億美元（專欄5）。

　　圖表：專欄5 歐盟訴美國(guó)民用飛機(jī)補(bǔ)貼案 新華社發(fā)

In the aviation sector, Boeing has received US$14.5 billion of allocated subsidies from the federal and state/local governments since 2000 and US$73.7 billion of loans, bond financing, venture capital, loan guarantees and bailout assistance from governments at various levels since 2011  (Box 5).

　　在汽車行業(yè)，美國(guó)聯(lián)邦和州政府均有對(duì)汽車的扶持政策，并向大型汽車企業(yè)提供巨額救助和變相補(bǔ)貼。國(guó)際金融危機(jī)期間，美國(guó)政府在“不良資產(chǎn)援助計(jì)劃”下設(shè)立“汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)資助計(jì)劃”（AIFP），為大型汽車企業(yè)提供了近800億美元的資金救助。2007年，美國(guó)能源部依據(jù)《2007年能源獨(dú)立和安全法案》第136條款制定了“先進(jìn)技術(shù)汽車制造貸款項(xiàng)目”，美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)對(duì)該項(xiàng)目的授權(quán)貸款總額達(dá)到250億美元。特斯拉公司自2000年以來(lái)得到美國(guó)聯(lián)邦和州（地方）政府超過(guò)35億美元的補(bǔ)貼。

In the automotive industry, the US government at both federal and state levels supports the auto industry with preferential policies and provides key auto companies with large bailouts and disguised subsidies. During the global financial crisis, the US government, with its Automotive Industry Financing Program (AIFP) under the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TAPR), provided key auto companies with nearly US$80 billion of assistance.  In 2007, the US Department of Energy, citing Section 136 of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, introduced the Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program (ATVM), with authorization from the US Congress, to provide up to US$25 billion in loans.  Since 2000, Tesla has received more than US$3.5 billion in subsidies from US federal and state/local governments.