5)……只聽葦中有人呻吟。大家忙走來一看，只見薛蟠衣衫零碎，面目腫破，沒頭沒臉，遍身內(nèi)外，滾的似個(gè)泥豬一般。（第四十七回）

楊譯：

...they heard groaning in the reeds and hurrying forward discovered Xue Pan there，his clothes tattered and torn, his face swollen and bruised，covered from head to foot with mud like a sow.

霍譯：

...they heard someone groaning among the rushes；and there，when they went to look，was Xue Pan，his clothes torn，his face cut and swollen almost beyond recognition, and so besmirched with mud from head to foot that he had more the appearance of an old wallowing sow than of a human being.

例3霍譯中的resembled，例4楊譯中的had the sensation of以及例5霍譯中的had the appearance of都不是尋常的明喻的喻詞 (如 as，as if/though, like, seem，such as，similar to，just as,等等），但與各自相對(duì)應(yīng)的另一譯本的表達(dá)方式進(jìn)行比較，給人不落俗套的比喻效果。像這樣的喻詞還有：not unlike，can be likened to，as it were，akin to，be comparable/compared to, be analogous to，be something of等。在譯文中適當(dāng)運(yùn)用，可以起到豐富言語形式，增加新鮮感的意外功效。

2.意譯法

這種情況又分為三種類型：

其一，明喻仍然譯作明喻。如：

6)士隱意欲也跟了過去，方舉步時(shí)，忽聽一聲霹靂，有若山崩地陷。（第一回）

楊譯：

Shiyin was starting after the two immortals when he heard a fearful crash, as if mountains had collapsed and the earth split asunder.

霍譯：

Shi-yin was on the point of following them through the archway when suddenly a great clap of thunder seemed to shake the earth to its very foundations,...

該例的楊譯 as if mountains had collapsed and the earth split asunder是對(duì)“有若山崩地陷”的直譯，而霍譯seemed to shake the earth to its very foundations盡管也是simile，但從語義的角度分析應(yīng)歸入意譯之列。

其二，將明喻譯作其他類比喻。如：

7)晴雯等早去瞧了一遍回來，嘻嘻笑向襲人道：“你快瞧瞧去！大太太的一個(gè)侄女兒，寶姑娘一個(gè)妹妹，大奶奶兩個(gè)妹妹，倒象一把子四根水蔥兒?！保ǖ谒氖呕兀?/p>

楊譯：

...and now they ran back smiling.

"You must go and have a look，"they urged Xiren. “Lady Xing’s niece，Miss Baochai’s cousin and Madam Zhu's two cousins are as pretty as four fresh young shallots，they really are!"

霍譯：

They returned soon after, full of smiles, to report on what they had seen.

‘Do go and look!'they urged Aroma.‘There's Lady Xing's niece and this cousin of Miss Bao's and Mrs. Zhu's two cousins：it's not often you get a chance to see four such beautiful bulrushes together!'

該例用“一把子四根水蔥兒”比喻剛進(jìn)京到賈府的薛寶琴、邢岫煙、李紋和李綺，活畫出了四位姑娘苗條白皙的體態(tài)。楊譯用as作喻詞，且保留了喻體的具體形象——shallots，是地地道道的直譯；霍譯中沒有喻詞，屬于英語的metaphor，同時(shí)也改變了喻體形象——用 bulrushes(蘆葦)譯“水蔥”。筆者認(rèn)為，此處將明喻譯作借喻，等于保存了喻義，只是比喻的類型有所轉(zhuǎn)化而已，在表達(dá)效果上與原文相差 無幾，是無可厚非的。這一點(diǎn)通過下文的同類比較分析可以得到進(jìn)一 步的印證。但是，霍克斯在本句中對(duì)喻體形象的轉(zhuǎn)換卻值得商榷?.既 然直譯原文的形象并不會(huì)導(dǎo)致對(duì)譯文語義的歪曲，也不會(huì)造成讀者理解上的困難，那么，即使這種形象的變更不至于太大程度地“害義”(蘆 —葦只能表現(xiàn)“苗條”的一面，卻不能形容她們的“白皙”），但卻是不必要的，甚至是多余的。

其三，將明喻譯作無喻句。如：

8)那小廝聽了，只得也從樹后爬出來，磕頭如搗蒜。（第七十一回）

楊譯：

At that the page boy had to crawl out from behind the tree to thump his head vigorously on the ground.

霍譯：

The boy darted out from the cover of the tree, threw himself on his knees in front of Faithful, and began knocking his head on the ground as if he were pounding garlic in a mortar.

以上四例的譯文，除了前兩例的霍譯本采取直譯，保留了喻義之外,其他均將原文明喻所蘊(yùn)涵的語義內(nèi)容以不具備比喻特征——即非辭格句的語言表達(dá)出來。這樣表達(dá)的結(jié)果，就是把原文“比喻”這一積 極有效的修辭藝術(shù)改頭換面，以無形狀有形，化具象為抽象，將感性的、惟妙惟肖的言語變得悄然無聲、黯然失色,極大程度地磨滅了原文的修辭用意和行文風(fēng)格。通過對(duì)照例8、例9兩個(gè)譯本的譯文，不難看出對(duì)比喻這種修辭手段的避而不譯的做法，是對(duì)原著對(duì)讀者兩頭不負(fù)責(zé)任的態(tài)度。

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