形式與內(nèi)容可以相互轉(zhuǎn)化，也是黑格爾提出來的。他在《小邏輯》中說，“我們?cè)谶@里看到了形式與內(nèi)容的……相互轉(zhuǎn)化”。這種轉(zhuǎn)化的實(shí)質(zhì)是形式和內(nèi)容的結(jié)合關(guān)系的異化，這是符合客觀世界的規(guī)律的：形式和內(nèi)容的結(jié)合不存在“絕對(duì)關(guān)系”。（黑格爾《小邏輯》，第278頁）

就翻譯而論，形式的適度異化也是唯一可行的對(duì)策。我們似乎可以將這種適度異化厘訂出若干參照規(guī)范。今試以例為證，闡釋我們所謂的“形式適度異化的參照規(guī)范”。下面是《三國(guó)演義》第二十一回中一段著名的故事〈曹操煮酒論英雄〉以及英譯。譯者是Moss Roberts(UC Press,Berkeley,1991)：

曹操煮酒論英雄 關(guān)公賺城斬車胄

……操曰：“夫英雄者，胸懷大志，腹有良謀，有包藏宇宙之機(jī)，吞吐天地之志者也?！毙略唬骸罢l能當(dāng)之？”操以手指玄德，后自指，曰：“今天下英雄，惟使君與操耳！”玄德聞言，吃了一驚，手中所執(zhí)匙箸，不覺落于地下。時(shí)正值天雨將至，雷聲大作。玄德乃從容俯首拾箸曰：“一震之威，乃至于此?！辈傩υ唬骸罢煞蛞辔防缀?？”玄德曰：“圣人迅雷風(fēng)烈必變，安得不畏?”將聞吉失箸緣故，輕輕掩飾過了。操遂不疑玄德。后有詩(shī)贊曰：“勉從虎穴暫趨身，說破英雄驚煞人。巧借聞雷來掩飾，隨機(jī)應(yīng)變信如神?！?/p>

以下是Roberts的英譯，請(qǐng)注意表現(xiàn)形式方面的運(yùn)籌：

Cao Cao Warms Wine and Rates the Heroes of the Realm; Lord Gruan Takes Xuzhou by Stratagem and Beheads Che Zhou

.…. “Now," Cao Cao went on, "what defines a hero is this: a determination to conquer, a mind of marvelous schemes, an ability to encompass the realm, and the will to make it his." "Who merits such a description?" Xuande asked. Cao pointed first to Xuande, then to himself. “The

heroes of the present day,” he said, "number but two-you, my lord, and myself." Xuande gulped in panic. Before he realized it, his chopsticks had slipped to the ground. Then the storm came on. A peal of thunder gave him the chance to bend down casually and retrieve them. "See what a clap of thunder has made me do?" he remarked. "A great man afraid of thunder?" Cao asked. "Confucius himself became agitated in thunderstorms," Xuande reminded him. "How could I not fear them?" In this way he succeeded in glossing over the cause of his anxiety. Later a poet left these lines in admiration:

Xuande sheltered in the tiger's lair:

Cao betrayed two names that made him quake.

He seizes on the thunder as the cause -

A perfect ploy negotiates the pause.

譯文在形式上既有別于原文（漢語的）形式特征，又有別于譯語（英語的）形式特征：這是一種相互的、朝對(duì)方“靠攏”的轉(zhuǎn)化（即所謂“中性化”），當(dāng)然主要是譯語向原語靠攏。例如英語的詩(shī)歌是無所謂對(duì)仗(antithesis)的。譯者顯然盡力有意模仿漢語：正文前標(biāo)題兩行句子結(jié)構(gòu)都是SVO and（S）VO；語段中的一對(duì)一答也都扣得很緊。但在語詞用法、句法結(jié)構(gòu)、應(yīng)對(duì)關(guān)聯(lián)形式上都完全是英語式的。這就是我們所謂以“動(dòng)態(tài)模仿”（dynamic mimesis）實(shí)現(xiàn)適度異化：其參照規(guī)范是一、在不失原意的前提下實(shí)現(xiàn)形式對(duì)應(yīng)；二、在不失譯語句法結(jié)構(gòu)和語段發(fā)展的自然邏輯的前提下進(jìn)行形式模仿；三、以“體用關(guān)系”來說明則是以原語意義與意向，即內(nèi)容為“體”，以譯語的結(jié)構(gòu)手段為“用”；原語“體”具于內(nèi)，譯語“用”見于外；體用并舉，二者均備又互為表里。

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