考題實例：Under modem conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research expe

IV. 適當增添 清楚明了

考題實例：Under modem conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. （2000）

在現(xiàn)代條件下，這需要程度不同的中央控制，從而就需要獲得諸如經(jīng)濟學(xué)和運籌學(xué)等領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业膮f(xié)助。

一般來說，翻譯時不應(yīng)對原文的內(nèi)容隨意增減。不過，由于英漢兩種語言文字之間所存在的懸殊差異，在實際翻譯過程中很難做到詞字上的完全對應(yīng)。一般情況是為意義完整而增譯，如英語中某些及物動詞用作不及物動詞時后面省略了賓語，write, read, wash…

（1）Mary washes before meals．瑪麗飯前洗手。

（2）Mary washes before going to bed．瑪麗睡前洗腳。

（3）Mary washes after getting up. 瑪麗起床后洗臉。

（4）Mary washes for a living．瑪麗靠洗衣度日。

（5）Mary washes in a restaurant．瑪麗在飯店洗碗確。

考題實例：But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.

此題的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)拉得較遠，不少考生難以把握原文的結(jié)構(gòu)，因此翻譯也就無從著手。仔細分析全句，其主結(jié)構(gòu)為系表結(jié)構(gòu)the fact… is a victory，不過本句的難點在于由that引起的同位語從句的處理，尤其是穿插其間的as well without government aid as they did with it這一比較狀語從句較為棘手。有人沒有理清句子的主從關(guān)系，有的將as理解為“因為”；有的將did直譯為“做”，將指代aid的代詞it理解為 government；還有人將in itself這樣的強調(diào)語氣按字面譯作“在它自己”，這樣一來譯文難免千奇百怪，漏洞百出。尤其是對as they did with it的翻譯，相當多的人不懂得用增減技巧來翻譯，直接將did譯作“干”、“做”，將it譯作“它”；如果掌握了增減技巧，便可將此句增譯為“過去有政府救濟時”或“過去依靠政府救濟的情況”；并根據(jù)漢語的習(xí)慣表達法，將原文中的they省略不譯。

譯文：但在許多人看來，窮人能不靠政府救濟養(yǎng)活自己，而且生活得幾乎和過去依靠政府救濟時生活得一樣好，這件事本身就是一個巨大的勝利。

增詞法的常用情況

1．增添原文語法所省略的詞語

1) Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.

物質(zhì)可以轉(zhuǎn)化為能，能也可以轉(zhuǎn)化為物質(zhì)。

2) In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué.

晚上在參加宴會、出席音樂會、觀看乒乓球表演以后，他還得起草最后公報。

2． 增添必要的連接成分增加連詞

英語中的并列連詞和從屬連詞大都是以單個單詞出現(xiàn)，而漢語中的聯(lián)合連詞和偏正連詞大都是成對出現(xiàn)。因此，在將英語譯成漢語時，應(yīng)將漢語的連詞補充完整。如:if…，…如果，…那么…because因為……，所以; although雖然…，但是; unless…除非，……否則…

1) Heated, water will change into vapor.

水如受熱，就會汽化。

2) However carefully boiler casings and steam pipes are sealed, some heat escapes and is lost.

雖然鍋爐殼與蒸汽管是嚴密封閉的，然而還是有一部分熱損耗。

3) Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it.

因為空氣具有重量，所以處在空氣中的任一物體都會受到空氣的作用力。

3．用增詞法表達出原文的復(fù)數(shù)概念和數(shù)量詞

英語中沒有量詞，而漢語表達中的量詞卻是不可缺少的，如：first thing第一件事；the first oil well第一口油井；等等。

1) The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.

群山開始向山谷投下一道道蔚藍色長影。

2) He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars.

他伸出雙腿，露出腿上的道道傷痕。

3) Note that the words “velocity” and “speed” require explanation.

請注意，“速度”和“速率”這兩個詞需要解釋。

4．用增詞法把抽象概念表達清楚

1) Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.

氧化作用會使鋼鐵生銹。

2) This lack of resistance in very cold metals may become useful in electronic computers.

這種在甚低溫金屬中沒有電阻的現(xiàn)象可能對電子計算機很有用處。

3) After all preparations were made, the plane took off.

一切準備工作就緒以后，飛機就起飛了。

5．增加完善性或概括性的詞語

1) Air pressure decreases with altitude.

氣壓隨海拔高度的增加而下降。

2) According to scientists, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.

根據(jù)科學(xué)家們的看法，自然界要用500年的時間才能形成一英寸厚的表層土壤。

3) A runner from Kenya has won the 42 km Boston Marathon．

肯尼亞的一位長跑選手贏得了波士頓42公里馬拉松賽冠軍。

6．重復(fù)性增詞

1) Avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity.

不要在過冷、過熱、灰塵過重、濕度過大的情況下使用此電腦。

2) I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble.

我曾經(jīng)遇到的情況要么氧氣設(shè)備出故障，要么引擎出故障，或兩者都出故障。

3) A proton has a positive charge and an electron a negative charge, but a neutron has neither.

質(zhì)子帶正電，電子帶負電，而中子既不帶正電，也不帶負電。

7．修辭或連貫增詞

1) This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.

這部打字機真是價廉物美。

2) They build roads, houses, bridges, ships, pipelines, and canals.

他們修路、蓋房、架橋、造船、鋪管道、挖運河。

3) A scientist constantly tried to defeat his hypotheses, his theories, and his conclusion.

科學(xué)家經(jīng)常設(shè)法否定自己的假設(shè)，推翻自己的理論，并放棄自己的結(jié)論。