——積極開展現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)，推動(dòng)西藏經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)文化的發(fā)展。和平解放后，人民解放軍和進(jìn)藏工作人員堅(jiān)決執(zhí)行《十七條協(xié)議》和中央的政策，修建康藏、青藏公路和當(dāng)雄機(jī)場(chǎng)，興修水利，建設(shè)現(xiàn)代工廠、銀行、貿(mào)易公司、郵局、農(nóng)場(chǎng)和學(xué)校等，采取多種措施幫助農(nóng)牧民發(fā)展生產(chǎn)，開展社會(huì)救濟(jì)，救災(zāi)活動(dòng)，免費(fèi)為群眾防疫治病，推動(dòng)了西藏經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化事業(yè)的發(fā)展，展示了一種現(xiàn)代文明和進(jìn)步的新氣象，在西藏各階層和廣大群眾中產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)影響，從而打破了西藏社會(huì)長期封閉、停滯的局面，開啟了走向現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的歷史進(jìn)程，為西藏社會(huì)進(jìn)一步向前發(fā)展開辟了廣闊前景，為西藏與全國共同前進(jìn)創(chuàng)造了必要條件。
(二)實(shí)行民主改革，廢除封建農(nóng)奴制度，解放百萬農(nóng)奴和社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力，完成西藏歷史上最深刻的社會(huì)變革
— Actively undertaking the modernization program to promote Tibet’s economic, social and cultural development. After the peaceful liberation, the PLA and people from other parts of China working in Tibet persisted in carrying out the 17-Article Agreement and the policies of the Central Authorities, built the Xikang-Tibet and Qinghai-Tibet highways, Damxung Airport, water conservancy projects, modern factories, banks, trading companies, post offices, farms and schools. They adopted a series of measures to help the farmers and herdsmen expand production, started social and disaster relief programs, and provided free medical service for the prevention and treatment of epidemic and other diseases. All this promoted the region’s economic, social and cultural development, created a new social atmosphere of modern civilization and progress, produced a far-reaching influence among people of all walks of life in Tibet, ended the long-term isolation and stagnation of Tibetan society, paved the way for Tibet’s march toward a modern society, opened up wide prospects for Tibet’s further development and provided necessary conditions for the common progress of Tibet and the nation as a whole.
2. Implementing the Democratic Reform, abolishing feudal serfdom, and emancipating millions of serfs and the social productive forces, achieving the most profound social reform in the history of Tibet
民主改革之前的舊西藏是一個(gè)比歐洲中世紀(jì)還要落后、黑暗的政教合一的封建農(nóng)奴制社會(huì)。占人口5%的官家、貴族、寺廟上層僧侶三大領(lǐng)主及其代理人占有西藏的全部耕地、牧場(chǎng)、森林、山川、河流和大部分牲畜，而占人口95%的農(nóng)奴和奴隸沒有生產(chǎn)資料和人身自由。廣大農(nóng)奴和奴隸不僅遭受著沉重的賦稅、烏拉差役和高利貸的剝削，而且遭受著世所罕見的殘酷的政治壓迫和刑罰，掙扎在死亡線上。改革西藏社會(huì)制度是西藏社會(huì)發(fā)展的必然要求和西藏人民的根本愿望?？紤]到西藏的特殊情況，《十七條協(xié)議》規(guī)定：“對(duì)于西藏的現(xiàn)行政治制度，中央不予變更”；“有關(guān)西藏的各項(xiàng)改革事宜，中央不加強(qiáng)迫。西藏地方政府應(yīng)自動(dòng)進(jìn)行改革，人民提出改革要求時(shí)，得采取與西藏領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人員協(xié)商的方法解決之”。和平解放后，中央人民政府對(duì)西藏社會(huì)制度改革采取了十分慎重的態(tài)度和極為寬容的政策，耐心等待和勸說西藏地方上層統(tǒng)治集團(tuán)主動(dòng)進(jìn)行改革，并給予充分的時(shí)間。但是，西藏反動(dòng)上層為了維護(hù)農(nóng)奴主階級(jí)的既得利益和特權(quán)，根本反對(duì)改革，企圖永遠(yuǎn)保持封建農(nóng)奴制，為此，他們蓄意違反《十七條協(xié)議》，策劃了一系列分裂祖國的活動(dòng)，直至1959年發(fā)動(dòng)全面武裝叛亂。
Prior to the Democratic Reform, Tibet practiced a system of feudal serfdom under theocracy, which was darker and more backward than in Europe in the Middle Ages. The three major estate-holders — officials, nobles and upper-ranking monks in monasteries — accounted for less than five percent of Tibet’s total population but owned all the farmland, pastures, forests, mountains and rivers, and the majority of the livestock. The serfs and slaves, accounting for more than 95 percent of the population, had no means of production or freedom of their own. They were not only subjected to the three-fold exploitation of corvee labor, taxes and high-interest loans, but also suffered cruel political oppression and punishment rarely seen in world history. Their lives were no more than struggles for existence. Thus, reforming the social system of Tibet was an inevitable requirement of social development and the fundamental aspira-tion of the Tibetan people. In consideration of the special conditions of Tibet, the 17-Article Agreement stipulated that “the central government will not alter the existing political system in Tibet”; “in matters related to various reforms in Tibet, there will be no compulsion on the part of the central government. The local government of Tibet shall carry out reforms of its own accord, and when the people raise demands for reform, they shall be settled by means of consultation with the leading personnel of Tibet.” After Tibet was liberated peacefully, the Central People’s Government adopted a very prudent and tolerant attitude toward the reform of its social system, hoping to persuade the people of the local ruling class of the need for reform and waiting patiently for them to take initiative to start the social reform. But the serf owners were totally opposed to any reform which would mean giving up their privileges, opposed the 17-Article Agreement and plotted a series of activities to split Tibet from China, which ended in a full-scale insurrection in 1959.
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