20世紀(jì)80年代，西藏與全國(guó)一樣掀起了改革開(kāi)放和現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)熱潮。1980年和1984年，中央先后召開(kāi)第一次和第二次西藏工作座談會(huì)，確定了西藏以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心，從封閉式經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殚_(kāi)放式經(jīng)濟(jì)，從供給型經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榻?jīng)營(yíng)性經(jīng)濟(jì)的指導(dǎo)方針。中央政府制訂了“土地歸戶使用，自主經(jīng)營(yíng)，長(zhǎng)期不變”，“牲畜私有私養(yǎng)，自主經(jīng)營(yíng)，長(zhǎng)期不變”等一系列有利于西藏經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的特殊優(yōu)惠政策，推進(jìn)了西藏的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革和對(duì)外開(kāi)放，并從1984年起，由國(guó)家投資、全國(guó)九省(市)援建西藏43項(xiàng)工程等一批項(xiàng)目。改革開(kāi)放政策的實(shí)施和國(guó)家的支援，壯大和繁榮了西藏經(jīng)濟(jì)，提高了西藏產(chǎn)業(yè)的整體水平和經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的商品化水平，使西藏經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展跨上了一個(gè)新的臺(tái)階。
(五)根據(jù)新的形勢(shì)，在實(shí)踐中探索和形成新時(shí)期西藏工作的基本方針，不斷加快西藏發(fā)展，維護(hù)局勢(shì)穩(wěn)定
The 1980s witnessed a great upsurge of the reform, open-ing-up and modernization drive in Tibet, as in all the other parts of China. In 1980 and 1984, respectively, the Central Authorities held the First and Second Tibet Work Forums, setting the guiding principles for work in the region — focusing on economic de-velopment, changing from a closed economy to an open one and from a planned economy to a market one. The central gov-ernment also formulated a series of special policies for economic development in Tibet, such as “l(fā)ong-term right to use and independently operate land by individual households” and “l(fā)ong-term right to have, raise and manage livestock by indi-vidual households,” to promote the reform of the region’s economic system and its opening-up program. Since 1984, 43 projects have been launched in Tibet with state funds and aid from nine provinces and municipalities. The implementation of the policy of reform and opening up and the state aid have in-vigorated the Tibetan economy, raised the overall level of in-dustries and the level of commercialization of economic activities in Tibet, and helped Tibet take another step forward in its economic and social development.
5. Exploring and formulating the basic policies for the work in Tibet in the new period as required by the new situ-ation, constantly speeding up the development of Tibet and maintaining its stability
達(dá)賴集團(tuán)叛逃國(guó)外后，始終沒(méi)有放棄“西藏獨(dú)立”的主張和分裂國(guó)家的活動(dòng)，在美國(guó)中央情報(bào)局的支持下，在印度宣布成立“西藏獨(dú)立國(guó)”，在印度、尼泊爾建立了叛亂武裝基地，長(zhǎng)期對(duì)我邊境實(shí)施武裝襲擾。1964年，國(guó)務(wù)院第151次會(huì)議通過(guò)《關(guān)于撤銷達(dá)賴職務(wù)的決定》，指出“達(dá)賴在1959年發(fā)動(dòng)叛國(guó)的反革命武裝叛亂，逃往國(guó)外以后，組織流亡偽政府，公布偽憲法，支持印度反動(dòng)派對(duì)我國(guó)的侵略，并且積極組織和訓(xùn)練逃往國(guó)外的殘余叛亂武裝騷擾祖國(guó)邊境。這一切證明他早已自絕于祖國(guó)和人民，是一個(gè)死心塌地為帝國(guó)主義和外國(guó)反動(dòng)派作工具的叛國(guó)分子。”西藏實(shí)行改革開(kāi)放后，達(dá)賴集團(tuán)更是加緊進(jìn)行滲透破壞，并于上世紀(jì)80年代末組織策劃拉薩騷亂。中央政府采取有力措施，迅速平息了騷亂，并于1989年提出了指導(dǎo)西藏工作的十條意見(jiàn)，對(duì)統(tǒng)一思想、促進(jìn)穩(wěn)定發(fā)揮了重要作用，成為新時(shí)期西藏工作的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。1994年，中央政府召開(kāi)第三次西藏工作座談會(huì)，確立了以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心，緊緊抓住發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)和穩(wěn)定局勢(shì)兩件大事，確保西藏經(jīng)濟(jì)加快發(fā)展，確保社會(huì)全面進(jìn)步和長(zhǎng)治久安，確保人民生活水平不斷提高的新時(shí)期西藏工作指導(dǎo)方針；作出了中央關(guān)心西藏、全國(guó)支援西藏的重大決策；制定了一系列加快西藏發(fā)展的特殊優(yōu)惠政策和措施，形成了國(guó)家直接投資西藏建設(shè)項(xiàng)目、中央實(shí)行財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼、全國(guó)進(jìn)行對(duì)口支援的全方位支援西藏現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的格局。2001年，中央召開(kāi)第四次西藏工作座談會(huì)，決定采取更加有力措施，進(jìn)一步加大對(duì)西藏的支持力度，全面推進(jìn)西藏的發(fā)展，促進(jìn)西藏的穩(wěn)定。1994年以來(lái)，中央政府先后安排60個(gè)中央國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)、全國(guó)18個(gè)省市和17戶中央企業(yè)，從人力、財(cái)物、技術(shù)、管理等方面對(duì)口支援西藏，對(duì)口援藏范圍覆蓋到西藏所有地市和73個(gè)縣(市、區(qū))。特別是1994年確定的62項(xiàng)援藏工程和2001年確定的117項(xiàng)援藏工程的全面完成，極大地改善了西藏的生產(chǎn)生活條件，為西藏經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展注入了強(qiáng)勁的動(dòng)力。與此同時(shí)，排除達(dá)賴集團(tuán)的干擾破壞，圓滿完成十世班禪轉(zhuǎn)世靈童的尋訪認(rèn)定，批準(zhǔn)認(rèn)定堅(jiān)贊諾布繼任第十一世班禪額爾德尼，堅(jiān)決開(kāi)展對(duì)達(dá)賴分裂集團(tuán)的斗爭(zhēng)，維護(hù)了西藏的局勢(shì)穩(wěn)定。
Ever since the Dalai Lama and his clique fled abroad, they have stuck to their claims and efforts for “Tibet independence” and secessionist activities. With the support of the CIA of US, they proclaimed the setting up of an “independent Tibet” in India, and established bases for armed forces in India and Nepal, launching armed attacks on China’s borders intermittently. In 1964, at the 151st Conference of the State Council, the Decision on the Removal of the Dalai Lama from His Official Positions was adopted, which stated, “After the Dalai Lama staged the treasonous armed rebellion in 1959, he fled abroad and orga-nized a ‘government-in-exile,’ issued a bogus constitution, sup-ported Indian reactionaries who invaded our country, and engaged in the organization and training of remnants of Tibet’s armed forces who had fled abroad with the objective of attack-ing our borders. All this proves that he has alienated himself from the country and the people, and been reduced to a traitor working for imperialists and reactionaries abroad.” After the policies of reform and opening up were implemented in Tibet, the Dalai Lama clique pressed on with their infiltration and sa-botage activities, and plotted the Lhasa riots in the late 1980s, which were quickly quelled by resolute actions adopted by the central government. In 1989 the Chinese government put for-ward ten propositions to guide the development of Tibet, which served to unify the people’s thinking and promote stability, thus constituting a turning point for the work in Tibet in the new pe-riod. In 1994 the central government held the Third Tibet Work Forum, and set the guiding principles for work in the region in the new era as follows: Focusing efforts on economic develop-ment, firmly grasping the two major tasks of developing the economy and stabilizing the situation, securing a high-speed development of the economy, overall social progress and lasting political stability in Tibet, and ensuring the continuous improvement of the Tibetan people’s living standards. At the Forum, the Central Authorities also adopted the important decisions to devote special attention to Tibet and ask all other parts of China to aid Tibet, and formulated a series of special favorable policies and measures for speeding up the development of the autonomous region. The Forum led to the birth of a mechanism for all-round aid for the modernization of Tibet, in which the central government would directly invest in construction projects in the region, provide financial subsidies, and the other parts of the country would provide paired-up aid. In 2001 the Central Authorities held the Fourth Tibet Work Forum, at which it was decided that more effective measures would be adopted and efforts would be further strengthened to support Tibet and push forward in an all-around way the region’s development and stability. Since 1994 the central government has organized 60 state organs, 18 provinces and municipalities and 17 state-owned enterprises to provide aid to Tibet in the fields of human resources, finance and materials, technology and management in a paired-up way to cover all the cities at the prefectural level and 73 counties (including cities and districts at the county level) in Tibet. The completion of 62 aid projects identified in 1994 and 117 aid projects identified in 2001, respectively, in Tibet gave a strong impetus to its economic and social development. In the meantime, the central government overcame interference and sabotage from the Dalai Lama clique, identified the reincarnated soul boy of the 10th Panchen Lama, approving Gyaltsen Zangpo’s position as the 11th Panchen Lama, and resolutely struggled against the Dalai Lama’s secessionist group, all of which helped to maintain stability in Tibet.
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