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《西藏和平解放60年》(中英對照)III
2018-04-13 09:54:12    譯聚網    國新網    



  為了維護國家的統(tǒng)一和西藏人民的根本利益,中央人民政府采取果斷措施,與西藏人民一道堅決平息了叛亂,解散了西藏地方政府,并在西藏進行了一場徹底摧毀封建農奴制度的民主改革運動。民主改革廢除了“政教合一”制度,實現了政教分離;廢除了生產資料的封建領主所有制,確立了農牧民個體所有制;廢除了對“三大領主”的人身依附,使農奴和奴隸獲得人身自由。民主改革是西藏社會進步和人權發(fā)展史上劃時代的重大變革,使西藏百萬農奴和奴隸在政治、經濟和社會生活多方面實現了翻身解放,有效地促進了西藏社會生產力的發(fā)展,為西藏的現代化發(fā)展開辟了道路。據統(tǒng)計,在民主改革中,農奴和奴隸共分得土地280多萬克(15克相當于1公頃),到1960年西藏民主改革完成時,西藏的糧食生產量比1959年增長12.6%,比民主改革前的1958年增長17.7%,牲畜存欄頭數1960年比1959年增長9.9%。

(三)實行民族區(qū)域自治制度,推動西藏走上社會主義的發(fā)展道路


In order to safeguard the unity of the nation and the fundamental interests of the Tibetan people, the Central People’s Government, together with the Tibetan people, took decisive measures to suppress the rebellion, dissolved the local govern-ment and carried out the Democratic Reform in Tibet, which fundamentally uprooted the feudal serfdom. Through this reform, the theocratic system was annulled, religion was sepa-rated from government; the feudal serf owners’ right to own means of production was abolished and private ownership by farmers and herdsmen was established; the serfs’ and slaves’ personal bondage to the officials, nobles and upper-ranking monks was cancelled, and they won their freedom of the person. The Democratic Reform constituted an epoch-making change in the social progress of Tibet and its development of human rights. It emancipated a million of serfs and slaves politically, economically and in other aspects of social life, effectively promoted the development of social productive forces in Tibet and opened up the road towards modernization. The former serfs and slaves got over 186,000 hectares of land in the Democratic Reform and, in 1960, when the Democratic Reform was basically completed, the total grain yield of Tibet was 12.6 percent higher than in 1959 and 17.7 percent higher than in 1958. In addition, the total number of livestock was 9.9 percent higher than in 1959.


3. Implementing regional ethnic autonomy, making Ti-bet embark on the road of socialism


  西藏民主改革的過程同時也是民主建政的過程。1959年3月西藏發(fā)生叛亂后,國務院發(fā)布命令,解散西藏噶廈地方政府,決定由西藏自治區(qū)籌備委員會行使西藏地方政府職權。此后,相繼撤銷了昌都地區(qū)人民解放委員會和班禪堪布會議廳委員會,結束了幾種不同性質政權并存的局面,建立了統(tǒng)一的人民民主政權。1961年,西藏各地開始實行普選,昔日的農奴和奴隸第一次獲得了當家作主的民主權利,選舉產生了西藏各級權力機關和政權,一大批翻身農奴和奴隸擔任了各級領導職務。1965年9月,西藏自治區(qū)第一屆人民代表大會第一次會議在拉薩開幕,西藏自治區(qū)及其人民政府宣告成立。此后,西藏通過對農牧業(yè)的社會主義改造,走上了社會主義的發(fā)展道路。西藏自治區(qū)的成立和社會主義制度的實行,從制度上保障了各民族平等、團結、互助和共同繁榮政策在西藏的實現,保障了西藏各族人民平等參與管理國家事務和自主管理本地區(qū)本民族事務的權利,為西藏在國家的特殊支持和資助下,根據本地區(qū)特點實現與全國共同發(fā)展進步提供了制度保證。


  (四)實行改革開放,推動西藏經濟從封閉走向開放、從供給型經濟走向經營型經濟


The Democratic Reform in Tibet coincided with its con-struction of democratic politics. After the rebellion broke out in March 1959 the State Council issued an order to dissolve the Kashag and decided to make the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region exercise the local government’s du-ties and power. Later, the Qamdo People’s Liberation Committee and the Panchen Kampus Assembly were abolished, and a centralized people’s democratic government was set up, thus ending the co-existence of several political powers of different nature. In 1961 a general election was held across Tibet. For the first time, the former serfs and slaves were able to enjoy demo-cratic rights as their own masters, as they elected power organs and governments at all levels. Many emancipated serfs and slaves took up leading posts at various levels in the region. In September 1965 the First Session of the First People’s Congress of Tibet was convened in Lhasa, at which the founding of the Tibet Autonomous Region and the Regional People’s Govern-ment were officially proclaimed. Then, through the socialist transformation of agriculture and animal husbandry, Tibet em-barked on the road of socialism. The founding of the Tibet Au-tonomous Region and adoption of the socialist system provided an institutional guarantee for the realization of ethnic equality, unity, mutual help and common prosperity. It also provided a guarantee for all ethnic groups in Tibet to enjoy equal rights to participate in the administration of state affairs and that of ethnic affairs. In this way, an institutional guarantee was put in place for Tibet to develop along with other parts of China, with special support and assistance by the state and according to its local conditions.

4. Implementing reform and opening up, promoting Ti-betan economy to change from a closed one into an open one and from a planned one to a market one



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