人大監(jiān)督是國(guó)家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)代表國(guó)家和人民對(duì)國(guó)家行政機(jī)關(guān)、司法機(jī)關(guān)和國(guó)家法律實(shí)施情況進(jìn)行的監(jiān)督。中國(guó)憲法規(guī)定，國(guó)家的一切權(quán)力屬于人民。人民代表大會(huì)是人民行使國(guó)家權(quán)力的機(jī)關(guān)，國(guó)家行政機(jī)關(guān)、審判機(jī)關(guān)、檢察機(jī)關(guān)都由它產(chǎn)生，對(duì)它負(fù)責(zé)，受它監(jiān)督。人民代表大會(huì)行使法律賦予的各種監(jiān)督職權(quán)，通過(guò)詢問(wèn)、質(zhì)詢、執(zhí)法檢查、聽取和審議有關(guān)部門工作報(bào)告以及預(yù)算審查等手段，加強(qiáng)對(duì)政府、法院、檢察院及其工作人員的監(jiān)督，促進(jìn)依法行政、公正司法，預(yù)防和制止各種腐敗現(xiàn)象。
政府內(nèi)部監(jiān)督包括層級(jí)監(jiān)督和監(jiān)察、審計(jì)等專門機(jī)關(guān)的監(jiān)督。各級(jí)政府、政府各部門的上級(jí)對(duì)下級(jí)、政府對(duì)部門、行政首長(zhǎng)對(duì)工作人員的行政行為進(jìn)行層級(jí)監(jiān)督。監(jiān)察機(jī)關(guān)全面履行法定職責(zé)，開展執(zhí)法監(jiān)察、廉政監(jiān)察和效能監(jiān)察，依法對(duì)監(jiān)察對(duì)象行使職權(quán)、履行職責(zé)、勤政廉政等情況實(shí)施監(jiān)督。審計(jì)機(jī)關(guān)依法對(duì)政府的預(yù)算執(zhí)行情況和決算以及其他財(cái)政財(cái)務(wù)收支情況進(jìn)行監(jiān)督。這些監(jiān)督形式對(duì)于規(guī)范行政執(zhí)法、促進(jìn)依法行政、建設(shè)法治政府，發(fā)揮了重要作用。
Supervision by the NPCs at all levels refers to supervision over state administrative organs and judicial organs as well as the enforcement of laws by state power organs on behalf of the state and people. The Constitution stipulates that all power in the Peo-ple’s Republic of China belongs to the people. The National Peo-ple’s Congress and the local people’s congresses at various levels are the organs through which the people exercise state power. All administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs of the state are created by the people’s congresses to which they are responsible and by which they are supervised. The people’s congresses exer-cise various functions and powers of supervision conferred by law, and enhance supervision over the governments, courts and pro-curatorates as well as their staff by means of question, inquiry, law-enforcement inspection, hearing and review of working re-ports and budget examination to promote administration according to the law and judicial justice, and prevent and curb all corrupt phenomena.
Internal supervision of governments refers to hierarchical supervision and supervision by specific inspection and audit organs. The hierarchical supervision means supervision by governments and governmental departments at higher levels over those at lower levels, by governments over their various departments and by chief executives over their subordinates. The supervisory organs perform in full their statutory functions and responsibilities, conduct in-spections on law enforcement, clean government and government efficiency, conduct supervision over the supervised bodies in their exercise of functions and powers, performance of duties as well as diligent and honest governance in accordance with the law. Audit-ing organs, in accordance with the law, exercise supervision over the implementation of budgets, final accounts and other fiscal in-comes and payouts of the government. These forms of supervision play an important role in regulating administrative law enforce-ment, promoting administration in accordance with law and build-ing a government under the rule of law.
政協(xié)民主監(jiān)督是具有中國(guó)特色的監(jiān)督形式。中國(guó)人民政治協(xié)商會(huì)議是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作和政治協(xié)商的重要機(jī)構(gòu)。人民政協(xié)主要通過(guò)召開會(huì)議、提交提案、組織委員視察、開展民主評(píng)議等形式，對(duì)憲法和法律法規(guī)的實(shí)施、重大方針政策的貫徹執(zhí)行、國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)和國(guó)家工作人員履行職責(zé)和遵紀(jì)守法等方面的情況進(jìn)行監(jiān)督。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨各級(jí)委員會(huì)和中國(guó)各級(jí)人民政府在作出重大決策、出臺(tái)重要規(guī)定前，都要征求同級(jí)人民政協(xié)和各民主黨派的意見和建議。
司法監(jiān)督包括人民法院的監(jiān)督和人民檢察院的監(jiān)督。人民法院的監(jiān)督是指上級(jí)法院對(duì)下級(jí)法院、最高人民法院對(duì)全國(guó)法院審判工作是否合法、公正的監(jiān)督。人民法院還通過(guò)審理行政案件，對(duì)政府具體行政行為的合法性進(jìn)行審查。人民檢察院的監(jiān)督，包括依法對(duì)訴訟活動(dòng)的法律監(jiān)督和對(duì)國(guó)家工作人員職務(wù)犯罪行為的監(jiān)督。人民檢察院通過(guò)對(duì)立案、偵查、審判、刑罰執(zhí)行和監(jiān)管活動(dòng)的監(jiān)督，實(shí)施對(duì)訴訟活動(dòng)全過(guò)程的監(jiān)督；通過(guò)查辦貪污賄賂、瀆職侵權(quán)等職務(wù)犯罪案件，對(duì)國(guó)家工作人員職務(wù)行為進(jìn)行監(jiān)督。
Supervision by the CPPCCs at all levels is a form of supervi-sion featuring Chinese characteristics. The CPPCC is an important organ of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC. The CPPCCs conduct supervision over the implementation of the Constitution, state laws and regulations, important principles and policies, and performance of duties and observation of law and discipline by state organs and state func-tionaries by means of convening meetings, submitting motions, organizing CPPCC committee members on inspection tours and holding democratic appraisals. Party committees of the CPC and people’s governments at all levels all solicit opinions and sug-gestions from the CPPCCs at corresponding levels and other democratic parties before making crucial decisions and enacting important regulations.
Judicial supervision includes supervision by people’s courts and people’s procuratorates. Supervision by people’s courts refers to supervision over the legality and fairness of the trials of people’s courts conducted by the higher-level people’s courts on lower-level people’s courts and by the Supreme People’s Court on all people’s courts across the country. People’s courts also monitor the legality of specific administrative actions of the governments by way of reviewing administrative cases. Supervision by people’s procura-torates refers to legal supervision over litigation activities and misconduct of state functionaries. People’s procuratorates exercise full-scale supervision over litigation activities in the case registra-tion, investigation, trial, execution of penalties and management of inmates, and exercise supervision over state functionaries by way of investigating such duty-related crimes as embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty and infringement of others’ rights.
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