長(zhǎng)期以來，中國(guó)面臨著勞動(dòng)力供大于求的總量性矛盾，穩(wěn)定和擴(kuò)大就業(yè)的任務(wù)十分繁重。中國(guó)政府始終把促進(jìn)就業(yè)作為經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的優(yōu)先目標(biāo)，以充分開發(fā)和合理利用人力資源為出發(fā)點(diǎn)，實(shí)施擴(kuò)大就業(yè)的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和積極的就業(yè)政策，促進(jìn)城鄉(xiāng)勞動(dòng)者提高整體素質(zhì)，逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)更加充分的社會(huì)就業(yè)。不斷強(qiáng)化各級(jí)政府在促進(jìn)就業(yè)方面的責(zé)任，持續(xù)加大公共投入，促進(jìn)平等就業(yè)。通過加強(qiáng)就業(yè)援助，開展職業(yè)技能培訓(xùn)，幫助就業(yè)困難人員和零就業(yè)家庭實(shí)現(xiàn)就業(yè)。建設(shè)城鄉(xiāng)統(tǒng)一的人力資源市場(chǎng)，為城鄉(xiāng)勞動(dòng)者提供平等的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)和服務(wù)。通過政策扶持和市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向，解決了國(guó)有企業(yè)3000多萬(wàn)下崗職工再就業(yè)問題，實(shí)現(xiàn)下崗職工基本生活保障向失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)的并軌。2005年至2009年，全國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)5000多萬(wàn)人，農(nóng)業(yè)富余勞動(dòng)力向非農(nóng)產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)近4500萬(wàn)人。2009年末，城鎮(zhèn)登記失業(yè)人數(shù)921萬(wàn)人，城鎮(zhèn)登記失業(yè)率4.3％ 。
2008年國(guó)際金融危機(jī)爆發(fā)后，為應(yīng)對(duì)國(guó)際金融危機(jī)的沖擊，中國(guó)政府實(shí)施更加積極的就業(yè)政策。實(shí)施困難企業(yè)緩繳社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)或降低部分社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率、相關(guān)稅收減免等政策，鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)穩(wěn)定和增加就業(yè)。實(shí)施特別職業(yè)培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃，開展就業(yè)服務(wù)系列活動(dòng)，多渠道開辟就業(yè)崗位。以高校畢業(yè)生就業(yè)為重點(diǎn)，大力促進(jìn)高校畢業(yè)生到城鄉(xiāng)基層、到中小企業(yè)和非公有制企業(yè)就業(yè)。2009年全年城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)超過1100萬(wàn)人，高校畢業(yè)生就業(yè)率達(dá)到87.4％ ，下崗失業(yè)人員再就業(yè)超過500萬(wàn)人，困難群體再就業(yè)超過150萬(wàn)人。
Long facing the difficulty that supply of labor outstrips demand, China always has the arduous task to secure stable employment and create more jobs. The Chinese government always makes employment promotion the top priority for economic and social development. To fully develop and make effective use of human resources, it imple-ments a strategy that promotes job creation and a policy that actively increases employment, and strives to help urban and rural workers en-hance their overall qualities, gradually expanding employment. The government is shouldering more responsibilities in promoting em-ployment, and government investment has been increased to provide equal employment opportunities for all. By intensifying its efforts in offering employment assistance such as occupational skill training courses, the government helps zero-employment families and people who have difficulty finding employment land jobs. A unified labor market has been set up to provide equal opportunities and services for both urban and rural workers. Relying on policy support and market orientation, the government has solved the re-employment problem for over 30 million workers laid off by state-owned enterprises, and incorporated subsistence allowances of laid-off workers into their unemployment insurance. From 2005 to 2009, over 50 million new jobs were provided in urban areas, and nearly 45 million surplus rural workers were transferred to non-agricultural sectors. At the end of 2009 the number of registered unemployed persons in urban areas was 9.21 million, with an unemployment rate of 4.3%.
After the 2008 financial crisis swept the world, the Chinese gov-ernment adopted a more active employment policy to meet the chal-lenge. For enterprises in difficulties, it postponed their payment of social insurance premiums or lowered the rate of some social insurance premiums; and it adopted relevant tax reduction or exemption policies, encouraging enterprises to maintain or increase their levels of em-ployment. Moreover, the government carried out a special vocational training program, and launched a series of employment service activi-ties, striving to create more jobs through multiple channels. Focusing on college graduates, it encouraged them to find jobs at the primary level, in medium-sized and small, and non-public enterprises. In 2009 a total of 11 million urban jobs were created; the employment rate of college graduates reached 87.4%; over five million laid-off workers found new jobs; and over 1.5 million people with difficulty finding jobs got re-employed.
實(shí)施人才強(qiáng)國(guó)戰(zhàn)略
人才是經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的第一資源，在國(guó)家現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)中發(fā)揮著越來越重要的作用。中國(guó)歷來重視人才工作，進(jìn)入新世紀(jì)作出實(shí)施人才強(qiáng)國(guó)戰(zhàn)略的重大決策，努力造就數(shù)以億計(jì)的高素質(zhì)勞動(dòng)者、數(shù)以千萬(wàn)計(jì)的專門人才和一大批拔尖創(chuàng)新人才，建設(shè)規(guī)模宏大、結(jié)構(gòu)合理、素質(zhì)較高的人才隊(duì)伍。2001年，中國(guó)政府將實(shí)施人才戰(zhàn)略納入國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展五年規(guī)劃。2006年以來，加強(qiáng)對(duì)人才資源開發(fā)的頂層設(shè)計(jì)和系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃，先后制定《國(guó)家中長(zhǎng)期科學(xué)和技術(shù)發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要（2006—2020年）》、《國(guó)家中長(zhǎng)期人才發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要（2010—2020年）》和《國(guó)家中長(zhǎng)期教育改革和發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要（2010—2020年）》等三個(gè)國(guó)家中長(zhǎng)期發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要，確立在經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展中人才優(yōu)先發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略布局，統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)、區(qū)域、產(chǎn)業(yè)、行業(yè)和不同所有制人才資源開發(fā)，促進(jìn)人人平等享受人才政策和平等參與人才開發(fā)，努力實(shí)現(xiàn)各類人才隊(duì)伍協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。
為適應(yīng)建設(shè)創(chuàng)新型國(guó)家的需要，中國(guó)政府設(shè)立“863計(jì)劃”、“973計(jì)劃”、國(guó)家科技支撐計(jì)劃、自然科學(xué)基金等國(guó)家科技計(jì)劃（基金），建設(shè)國(guó)家工程研究中心和國(guó)家工程實(shí)驗(yàn)室，實(shí)施“百千萬(wàn)人才工程”、“長(zhǎng)江學(xué)者獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)計(jì)劃”等重大人才項(xiàng)目，不斷增加科技投入，實(shí)施專業(yè)技術(shù)人才知識(shí)更新工程，培養(yǎng)造就了一支具有較大規(guī)模和較高水平的科技人才隊(duì)伍，引進(jìn)了一批海外高層次人才。2008年，全國(guó)研究與發(fā)展（R&D）折合全時(shí)人員達(dá)196.54萬(wàn)人年，其中科學(xué)家和工程師159.34萬(wàn)人年，分別是1991年的2.9倍和3.4倍；全國(guó)設(shè)立博士后科研流動(dòng)站2146個(gè)、博士后科研工作站1642個(gè)，博士后研究人員達(dá)7萬(wàn)多人。
Implementing the strategy of rejuvenating China through human resources development
Human resources are the primary factor in economic and social development, and are playing an increasingly important role in China’s modernization. China has always paid great attention to human re-sources development. In the new century, China has made a major de-cision to rejuvenate the nation through human resources development, aiming to train thousands of millions of high-quality workers, hun-dreds of millions of professionals and a large group of top-notch inno-vative personnel, and set up a large-scale and rationally structured contingent of high-caliber personnel. In 2001 the Chinese government incorporated this strategy into the Five-Year Plan for National Eco-nomic and Social Development. Since 2006 it has intensified efforts in the sphere of top-level design and systematic planning of human re-sources development. It formulated the Outline of the National Plan for Medium- and Long-term Scientific and Technological Develop-ment (2006-2020), Outline of the National Plan for Medium- and Long-term Human Resources Development (2010-2020) and Outline of the National Plan for Medium- and Long-term Educational Reform and Development (2010-2020), focusing on a strategy of prioritizing human resources development in the course of economic and social development. The plans formed the country’s guidelines on the overall development of human resources in urban and rural areas, among dif-ferent regions, industries and trades, and among the public and non-public sectors, ensuring that everyone has an equal opportunity in benefiting from related policies and participating in human resources development, and striving to realize a coordinated development of human resources of all types.
To meet the need of establishing an innovative nation, the Chinese government has launched the National High-tech R&D Program (863 Program), National Key Basic Research Program (973 Program), Na-tional Key Technology R&D Program, National Natural Science Foundation and other national programs and foundations. It has also built the National Engineering Research Center and the National En-gineering Laboratory, implemented the Skills Training Plan of the “Hundred-Thousand-Ten Thousand Project,” Changjiang Scholars Program and some other major human resources-related programs. In addition, it has invested more in science and technology and imple-mented the Project on Upgrading the Knowledge of Technical Profes-sionals. As a result, it has trained a large number of scientific and tech-nical professionals with high qualifications, and attracted high-caliber personnel from overseas. In 2008 the full-time R&D personnel na-tionwide reached 1,965,400, some 2.9 times the 1991 figure. Among these there were 1,593,400 full-time scientists and engineers, 3.4 times the 1991 figure. A total of 2,146 centers for post-doctoral studies and 1,642 post-doctoral workstations were set up, and the number of post-doctoral researchers exceeded 70,000.
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