加強人力資源培訓
國家把干部教育培訓擺在突出位置，制定頒布了《干部教育培訓工作條例（試行）》、《2006—2010年全國干部教育培訓規(guī)劃》和《關(guān)于2008—2012年大規(guī)模培訓干部工作的實施意見》。圍繞政府中心工作以及職位要求，對公務(wù)員進行初任培訓、任職培訓、專門業(yè)務(wù)培訓和在職培訓，實施對口培訓計劃，促進學歷培訓，實行掛職鍛煉，有效開發(fā)公務(wù)員人力資源，促進公務(wù)員職業(yè)的發(fā)展。
國家對專業(yè)技術(shù)人員實施專業(yè)技術(shù)人才知識更新工程，有計劃、有步驟地在經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展和科技發(fā)展的重要領(lǐng)域，對中高層專業(yè)技術(shù)人才，開展新理論、新知識、新技術(shù)、新方法的專項培訓，2005年至2009年，共培訓300萬名中高級專業(yè)人才。構(gòu)建分層分類的專業(yè)技術(shù)人才繼續(xù)教育體系，充分發(fā)揮各方面積極性，逐步形成以需求為導向，政府主導與單位自主相結(jié)合，個人履行義務(wù)與自覺自愿學習相結(jié)合的繼續(xù)教育運行機制。2009年，全國專業(yè)技術(shù)人員參加繼續(xù)教育達3000萬人次。為加強西部地區(qū)人才開發(fā)，中國政府制定《關(guān)于進一步加強西部地區(qū)人才隊伍建設(shè)的意見》，實施新疆、西藏少數(shù)民族科技骨干和青海三江源地區(qū)專業(yè)技術(shù)人才培養(yǎng)計劃。2009年共培養(yǎng)2888名少數(shù)民族科技骨干人才和急需專業(yè)技術(shù)人才。
Strengthening human resources training
The Chinese government has put cadre education and training in a prominent place. The state has drawn up and issued the Regulations on the Work of Cadre Education and Training (Trial), National Plan for Cadre Education and Training (2006-2010) and Opinions on the Im-plementation of Cadre Training Work on a Large Scale (2008-2012). With focus on the requirements of major government work and civil service posts, the government has conducted initial training, post-related training, professional training and in-service training, carried out train-ing plans geared to the needs of the posts, promoted formal schooling training, and sent cadres to temporary posts in other places, thus effec-tively developing the human resources of the civil service and pro-moting career development for civil servants.
The Chinese government has carried out the Project on Upgrading the Knowledge of Technical Professionals. The state has, with specific and effective plans and step by step, conducted special training pro-grams on new theories, knowledge, technologies and methods for mid-dle- and high-level professionals in the fields important for economic, social, scientific and technological development. From 2005 to 2009, altogether three million middle- and high-level professionals partici-pated in such training programs. The government has worked hard to build a continuing education system for technical specialists, a system that sets clear levels and categories, and that brings into full play the initiative of all aspects, gradually forming a demand-driven, continuing education mechanism characterized by the combination of the gov-ernment guidance and employers’ initiative, individuals’ fulfillment of their duties and studying on their own initiative. In 2009 professionals involved in continuing education around China reached 30 million person/times. To promote human resources development in Western China, the Chinese government issued the Opinions on Strengthening Human Resources Development in Western China and carried out a training plan for the backbone personnel in the scientific and techno-logical field in the Xinjiang Uygur and Tibet autonomous regions, and for professionals in the Sanjiangyuan area of Qinghai Province. In 2009 China trained 2,888 backbone scientific and technical personnel and much-needed professionals of ethnic-minority groups.
針對不同群體就業(yè)需要和勞動者職業(yè)生涯發(fā)展不同階段需要，國家開展相應(yīng)的職業(yè)培訓，建立了以技工學校為骨干、職業(yè)培訓機構(gòu)為補充的職業(yè)培訓體系，并充分發(fā)揮工會、共青團、婦聯(lián)等人民團體和社會組織在職業(yè)培訓等方面的作用。截至2009年底，全國共有技工學校和就業(yè)訓練中心6000多所、民辦職業(yè)培訓機構(gòu)2萬多所；建立巾幗科技示范基地26萬多個，為1.2億人次婦女提供各類教育培訓，增強了婦女的自我發(fā)展能力。針對城鄉(xiāng)未能繼續(xù)升學的初高中畢業(yè)生，實施勞動預(yù)備制培訓，幫助其掌握一門職業(yè)技能或取得相應(yīng)職業(yè)資格證書后再進入勞動力市場。針對失業(yè)人員開展再就業(yè)培訓，加強培訓的針對性、實用性和有效性，提高失業(yè)人員的再就業(yè)能力。針對有創(chuàng)業(yè)愿望并具備一定創(chuàng)業(yè)條件的城鄉(xiāng)勞動者開展創(chuàng)業(yè)能力培訓，提高其創(chuàng)辦小企業(yè)的能力。針對擬向非農(nóng)產(chǎn)業(yè)和城鎮(zhèn)轉(zhuǎn)移的農(nóng)村富余勞動力開展職業(yè)技能培訓，實施“陽光工程”、“農(nóng)村勞動力轉(zhuǎn)移培訓計劃”、“星火科技培訓”、“雨露計劃”等專項培訓，提高其轉(zhuǎn)移就業(yè)能力。
為全面提高勞動者素質(zhì)，增強勞動者的就業(yè)能力和工作能力，1994年以來，國家建立職業(yè)資格證書制度。截至2009年底，全國累計有1843.3萬人取得各類專業(yè)技術(shù)人員職業(yè)資格證書；累計有超過1億人次取得不同等級技能人員職業(yè)資格證書。
To meet the demands of different groups in finding employment, and geared to different stages of careers, the government has con-ducted vocational training programs, set up a vocational training sys-tem with technical schools as the mainstay and vocational training institutions as the supplement, and given full play to the roles of trade unions, Communist Youth League, women’s federation, and other mass and social organizations. By the end of 2009 there were over 6,000 technical schools and employment training centers, over 20,000 pri-vately-run vocational training institutions, and over 260,000 demonstra-tion bases of science and technology for women, providing different education and training programs for women on 120 million occasions and enhancing women’s capability of self-development. For junior and senior high school graduates who have failed to gain higher education, the government offers pre-job training courses to help them master some vocational skill or obtain a professional certificate before job hunting. For unemployed people, the government offers re-employment training courses that are relevant, practical and effective, so as to better prepare unemployed people for re-employment. For urban and rural workers who want to start businesses of their own and who have the qualifications, the government offers entrepreneurship training courses to enhance their abilities to start small businesses. For surplus rural workers who want to transfer to non-agricultural fields and urban areas, the government offers vocational training and carries out such special programs as the Sunshine Project, Training Plan for the Transfer of Rural Labor Force, Spark Technical Training and Yulu Plan to enhance their abilities to find employment in new sectors.
Since 1994, in order to comprehensively improve the quality of workers and strengthen their capabilities in finding jobs and doing their work well, China has established a professional qualification cer-tificate system. By the end of 2009 a total of 18.433 million profes-sionals in various fields throughout the country had obtained the required qualifications, and over 100 million qualification certificates for workers of different skill levels were issued.
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