四、發(fā)揮市場配置的基礎(chǔ)性作用
隨著社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制在中國的逐步建立，中國政府遵循人力資源開發(fā)的客觀規(guī)律，以市場配置人力資源為改革取向，尊重勞動者的自主擇業(yè)權(quán)，努力培育和發(fā)展人力資源市場，逐步實現(xiàn)人力資源從計劃配置到市場配置的轉(zhuǎn)變。
人力資源市場配置機(jī)制基本形成
IV. Bringing into Play the Fundamental Role of Market Allocation
As a socialist market economy is gradually taking root in China, the Chinese government — by way of following the objective laws of human resources development — has set out to reform the cur-rent human resources system to enable the market to play its due role in the allocation of human resources and respect workers’ freedom to choose jobs. The government has been making efforts to foster and develop the human resources market, gradually achiev-ing the transition from a planned to a market allocation of human resources.
A market allocation mechanism for human resources has basically taken shape.
20世紀(jì)80年代以來，以公有制為主體，多種所有制形式共同發(fā)展，逐步形成了多元化的市場用人主體。1998年至2009年，在城鎮(zhèn)從業(yè)人員中，國有單位就業(yè)人員從9058萬人下降到6420萬人，占城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人員總數(shù)的比例從41.9%下降到20.6%；有限責(zé)任公司和股份有限公司就業(yè)人員從894萬人上升到3389萬人，占城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人員總數(shù)的比例從4.1%上升到10.9%；私營單位和個體經(jīng)濟(jì)就業(yè)人員從3232萬人上升到9789萬人，占城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人員總數(shù)的比例從15.0%提高到31.5%。
圖5 2009年中國城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人員在不同所有制組織的分布
20世紀(jì)80年代中期以來，中國逐步改革計劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下“統(tǒng)包統(tǒng)配”的固定工制度，落實單位用工自主權(quán)和勞動者自主擇業(yè)權(quán)，以雙向選擇、自主協(xié)商、訂立勞動合同作為確立勞動關(guān)系的基本方式，增強(qiáng)了人力資源市場的活力和效率。為適應(yīng)建立社會主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的要求，中國政府改革社會保障制度、戶籍制度、高校畢業(yè)生分配制度，不斷破除勞動者自由流動的體制性障礙，勞動者跨地區(qū)、跨部門、跨行業(yè)流動日趨活躍。2009年，在各類人力資源服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)登記求職的勞動者達(dá)到9700萬人次，成功實現(xiàn)就業(yè)和轉(zhuǎn)換工作的達(dá)到3600萬人次，分別比2000年增加7700萬人次和2600萬人次。同年，全國外出就業(yè)和本地非農(nóng)從業(yè)6個月以上的農(nóng)村勞動力總數(shù)達(dá)到22978萬人，其中外出農(nóng)民工達(dá)到14533萬人，就近到二、三產(chǎn)業(yè)實現(xiàn)就業(yè)的本地農(nóng)民工達(dá)到8445萬人。
Since the 1980s a multi-dimensional human resources market has gradually been formed in China as its economy, dominated by the public ownership, is growing along with diverse forms of ownership. From 1998 to 2009, the number of those working in state-owned en-tities dropped from 90.58 million to 64.20 million, a decrease from 41.9% of all urban employees to 20.6%; the number of those work-ing in limited liability companies and companies limited by shares rose from 8.94 million to 33.89 million, an increase from 4.1% of all urban employees to 10.9%; and those working in private entities or self-employed grew from 32.32 million to 97.89 million, a rise from 15% to 31.5%.
Chart 5 Percentage of China’s urban employees in different forms of ownership in 2009
Since the mid-1980s China has gradually been reforming its per-manent worker system established under the planned economy, known as the “unified distribution of the work force.” It gives employers the right to freely choose their workers while at the same time gives work-ers the right to freely choose their jobs, thus establishing a new mode of labor relations, formed basically through mutual choices, free con-sultation and the signing of employment contracts between employers and employees. All these factors have improved the vibrancy and effi-ciency of the human resources market. To adapt to the needs of a so-cialist market economy, the Chinese government has removed one obstacle after another in mechanisms that restrain the free flow of the work force, by reforming social security, household registration and university graduate distribution systems. These measures have con-tributed to the vibrant flow of labor force across the country’s regions, industries and trades. In 2009 workers registered for employment at various human resources service agencies was 97 million, and 36 million people succeeded in landing jobs or changing their jobs, an increase of 77 million and 26 million respectively, as compared with the year 2000. In 2009 farmers who went to cities to seek employ-ment or worked in non-agricultural sectors in local areas for at least six months totaled 229.78 million, of which migrant workers working outside their localities accounted for 145.33 million and those em-ployed in secondary or tertiary industry not far from their villages reached 84.45 million.
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