在習(xí)近平新時(shí)代中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義思想指引下，中國(guó)將殘疾人事業(yè)發(fā)展作為全面建成小康社會(huì)的重要目標(biāo)，堅(jiān)持政府主導(dǎo)與社會(huì)參與、市場(chǎng)推動(dòng)相結(jié)合，堅(jiān)持增進(jìn)殘疾人福祉和促進(jìn)殘疾人自強(qiáng)自立相結(jié)合，將殘疾人事業(yè)納入國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展總體規(guī)劃和國(guó)家人權(quán)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃，殘疾人權(quán)益保障的體制機(jī)制不斷完善，殘疾人社會(huì)保障制度和服務(wù)體系不斷健全，殘疾人獲得感、幸福感、安全感持續(xù)提升，殘疾人事業(yè)取得舉世矚目的歷史性成就。
Guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, China has included the cause of persons with disabilities in the agenda for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. It maintains that in promoting the interests of persons with disabilities the government should play the leading role, while soliciting the participation of the whole of society and giving full play to the functions of the market, and that the government should keep improving the wellbeing of those with disabilities and also encourage their self-improvement and self-reliance. By incorporating the programs of persons with disabilities in the national social and economic plan and human rights action plan, China has improved the institutions for protecting their rights and interests. It has also improved their social security and upgraded public services for them, so that they are feeling happier, safer, and more satisfied. China’s achievements in championing this cause have won recognition throughout the world.
一、殘疾人事業(yè)發(fā)展歷程
中華人民共和國(guó)成立70年來，中國(guó)從國(guó)情和實(shí)際出發(fā)，努力促進(jìn)和保護(hù)殘疾人權(quán)利和尊嚴(yán)，保障殘疾人平等參與經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、社會(huì)和文化生活，走出了一條具有中國(guó)特色的殘疾人事業(yè)發(fā)展道路。
I. Development of the Cause of Persons with Disabilities
In the 70 years since it was founded, the PRC has taken into full consideration its realities and actual conditions, and developed its own strategy for protecting the rights and interests of persons with disabilities. It has worked tirelessly to promote the rights of persons with disabilities, protect their dignity, and ensure they participate equally in the nation's politics, economy, and social and cultural life.
殘疾人獲得平等地位。新中國(guó)成立以后，殘疾人在政治上獲得了和其他人一樣的地位，享受應(yīng)有的公民權(quán)利和義務(wù)。中國(guó)政府公布實(shí)施《革命殘廢軍人優(yōu)待撫恤暫行條例》等法規(guī)，對(duì)傷殘軍人等傷殘人員的休養(yǎng)、治療、生活、學(xué)習(xí)、工作給予特殊保障；建立福利機(jī)構(gòu)和精神病院，收養(yǎng)或安置無依無靠的重度殘疾人、殘疾孤兒、殘疾老人、精神殘疾人和殘疾軍人；興辦了盲童學(xué)校、聾啞學(xué)校等特殊教育學(xué)校，確立了特殊教育在國(guó)民教育體系中的地位。在農(nóng)村，對(duì)符合條件的失去勞動(dòng)能力的殘疾人由集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織給予“五保”待遇（即保吃、保穿、保住、保醫(yī)、保葬或保教）；在城市，興辦福利工廠、福利生產(chǎn)單位安排殘疾人就業(yè)。探索社會(huì)化管理方式，1953年成立中國(guó)盲人福利會(huì)，1956年成立中國(guó)聾啞人福利會(huì)，1960年在此基礎(chǔ)上成立中國(guó)盲人聾啞人協(xié)會(huì)。大部分省、自治區(qū)、直轄市也建立起地方協(xié)會(huì)和基層組織，殘疾人開始參與自身事務(wù)的管理。全國(guó)城鄉(xiāng)勞動(dòng)就業(yè)的殘疾人增多，文化體育活動(dòng)有所開展，殘疾人生活初步改善。
Equal status for persons with disabilities. After the founding of the PRC, persons with disabilities got equal status with others politically, with the same lawful rights and obligations as all other citizens. The state promulgated the Provisional Regulations on Pensions and Preferential Treatments for Service Veterans with Disabilities, giving special guarantees to disabled service veterans in terms of rehabilitation, medical treatment, and their life, education, and employment. Welfare and mental institutions were established to take in persons with severe disabilities and without family, orphans with disabilities, elderly persons with disabilities, persons with mental disabilities, and disabled servicemen. With the
introduction of special education schools for children with visual and hearing impairments and speech disorders, the government included special education for persons with disabilities in the national educational system. In rural areas, eligible disabled persons without the ability to work began to be guaranteed food, clothing, housing, medical care, burial services or education by collective economic organizations. In cities, persons with disabilities were provided with jobs at welfare factories and other similar units. China explored the socialized management of the affairs of persons with disabilities, establishing the China Blind Persons’ Welfare Society in 1953, the China Deaf-mutes Welfare Society in 1956, and the China Association of the Blind and Deaf in 1960. Most provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government set up local associations and community-level organizations for persons with disabilities, who began to manage their own affairs. In both urban and rural areas, more persons with disabilities got jobs; they became more involved in cultural and sports activities, and their life began to improve.
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