談謬誤就要從概念談起。概念是邏輯思維的起點(diǎn)，如果概念不正確，要想翻譯得正確是不可能的。就翻譯而言，概念錯(cuò)誤大都發(fā)生于關(guān)鍵詞的理解謬誤。理解謬誤當(dāng)然可能是詞義的理解的錯(cuò)誤或誤差，功夫在詞義辨析。中國(guó)典籍翻譯中的差錯(cuò)大都屬于這一類(lèi)，因?yàn)楣糯~語(yǔ)常常不易理解，譯者必須下許多辨析功夫，包括查證疏解詞義的注疏集。以下例一引自屈原《天問(wèn)》及其英譯。
[例一]
SL.(1) 驚女采薇，鹿何侑?
SL.(2) 北至回水，萃何喜？
SL (1) —TL (1):
When the maid warned them not to pick ferns, how did the deer help them?
SL (2) -TL (2):
When they went north to the whirling water, why were they glad to gather there?
英譯TL（1）中將“侑”譯成“help”是不妥的。按考證“侑”同“佑”，侑食是勸食，侑酒是勸酒（亦稱(chēng)“侑觴”：周密《齊東野語(yǔ)》卷二十：張功甫豪侈“‘名姬’執(zhí)板奏歌侑觴”）?！百场本褪桥闶桃灾M(jìn)食，見(jiàn)《周禮·天官·膳夫》：“以樂(lè)侑食；”《禮記》上也說(shuō)：“凡侑食，不盡食。”因此“鹿何侑”？意思是：“why did the(white)deer persuade them to eat?”?此問(wèn)上半句“驚女采薇”的TL(1）也有概念上的問(wèn)題。“驚女”的句法結(jié)構(gòu)是“女驚”（SV）這一點(diǎn)英譯是對(duì)的，但“驚”的意思不是“warned”而是“get scared”或“get frightened”，全句的意思是：“The maid got scared at the sight of the two men (the brother Po I and Shu Ch'i) when she was picking ferns in the mountain.”上例TL（2）中“北上回水”中的“回水”不是“the whirling water”?；厮枪胖性孛?，在今陜西岐山一帶。專(zhuān)名意譯也屬于概念上的差錯(cuò)。
在中國(guó)詩(shī)詞名作翻譯中西方譯者常犯的錯(cuò)誤大都源于自己主觀的邏輯分析。例如李白的詩(shī)《訪戴天山道土不遇》云：
[例二]
犬吠水聲中 桃花帶雨濃
樹(shù)深時(shí)見(jiàn)鹿 溪午不聞鐘
野竹分青靄 飛泉掛碧峰
無(wú)人知所去 獨(dú)倚兩三松
弗萊徹（W.J.B.Fletcher）有一譯式如下：
I hear the barking of the dogs amidst the water's sound.
The recent rain has washed each stain from all the peach
bloom round.
At times amid the thickest copse a timid deer is seen.
And to the breeze in sparkling seas the bamboos roll in
green.
From yonder verdant peak depends the sheeted waterfall.
At noon's full prime I hear no chime of bells from arboured
hall.
Whether the wandering priest has gone is no one here can
tell.
Against a pine I sad recline and let my heart o'er swell.
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