張枯《贈(zèng)內(nèi)人》:“禁門宮樹月痕過(guò),媚眼惟看宿鷺窠。斜撥玉釵燈畔影,別開紅焰救飛蛾?!盝enyns譯為:
Streaks of moonlight pass through the trees
within the Forbbiden City.
Her seductive eyes dwell upon the nesting
heron.
Leaning aslant in the shadow of the lantern
she plucks out a jade hairpin
And picks at the flame to save the flying
moths.
在這里,譯者用seductive(妖媚的)一詞,歪曲了歷史現(xiàn)實(shí)。因?yàn)橹袊?guó)封建社會(huì)的宮女都是命運(yùn)悲慘的婦女。他們遠(yuǎn)離家人,在宮中斷送了自己的青春,在寂寞孤苦中了結(jié)自己的一生。而譯者卻把她們描寫成蕩婦。這位譯者既談不上洞察歷史現(xiàn)實(shí),也談不上揭示女主人公的內(nèi)心秘密。Bynner就比他高明了。試看Bynner的譯文:
When the moonlight, reaching a tree by the
gate,
Shows her a quiet bird on its nest,
She removes her jade hairpins and sits in the
shadow,
And puts out a flame where a moth was
fIying.
從譯文中可以看出,譯者也象原作者一樣,力求去表現(xiàn)女主人公的內(nèi)心世界:她看到窠中的孤鳥,想到自已也很孤單,又看到飛娥,聯(lián)想到自己有如飛蛾投火,這才去別開紅焰救飛蛾。當(dāng)然,譯文中也有一些問(wèn)題可以商榷。如單就第四聯(lián)而論,Bynner的譯文似乎不如Jenyns的譯文。
要達(dá)到社會(huì)真實(shí),譯者有時(shí)還需要在一定程度上重新進(jìn)行藝術(shù)構(gòu)思,并賦之以完美的語(yǔ)言形式。
劉禹錫《春詞》:“新妝宜面下朱樓,深鎖春光一院愁。行到中庭數(shù)花朵,蜻蜓飛上玉搔頭?!盙iles譯為:
A gaily dressed damsel steps forth from her
bower
Bewailing the fate that forbids her to roam,
In the courtyard she counts up the buds on
each flower,
While a dragonfly flutters and sits on her
comb.
譯者在第二聯(lián)譯文中重新進(jìn)行藝術(shù)構(gòu)思,抓住了并再現(xiàn)了原詩(shī)中反映的生活的本質(zhì)方面一—中國(guó)封建社會(huì)中受禮教束縛、足不出戶的少女的寂寞。我們?cè)賮?lái)看看Bynner的譯文:
In gala robes she comes down from her chamber
Into her courtyard, enclosure of spring.
When she tries from the center to count the
flowers
On her hairpin of jade a dragon-fly poises.
原詩(shī)中“深鎖春光一院愁”一聯(lián)含有封建社會(huì)少女被禁錮在深院中不能自由賞玩大好春光的寓意。Bynner以enclosure of spring譯之,則不能表達(dá)這種寓意。因此,Bynner的譯文是不成功的。
有時(shí),文學(xué)作品中反映的畫面只是一幅風(fēng)景畫,似乎沒(méi)有多少社會(huì)內(nèi)容。其實(shí),這里仍然有一個(gè)社會(huì)真實(shí)的問(wèn)題。因?yàn)椋谖膶W(xué)翻譯中,還存在著再現(xiàn)原作者作為社會(huì)人和藝術(shù)家的面貌問(wèn)題。在這種情況下,譯者首先必須抓住風(fēng)景畫的典型特點(diǎn),其次,還必須真實(shí)地再現(xiàn)原作者的精神面貌。
柳宗元《江雪》:“千山鳥飛絕,萬(wàn)徑人蹤滅。孤舟簑笠翁,獨(dú)釣寒江雪?!盕letcher譯為:
The birds have flown away from every hill.
Along each empty path no footprint seen.
In his lone skiff his bamboo garments screen
An aged fisher from the snowstorm chill.
吳經(jīng)熊先生的譯文為:
Myriad mountains——not a bird flying.
Endless roads——not a trace of men.
Only an old fisherman in a lonely boat,
Angling silently in the river covered with
snow.
而相比較,吳譯較好地再現(xiàn)了柳宗元在革新失敗以后堅(jiān)貞不屈的倔強(qiáng)性格。
總起來(lái)說(shuō),要達(dá)到社會(huì)真實(shí),第一,譯者必須能洞察原作中反映的社會(huì)生活的歷史具體性和本質(zhì)特征;第二,譯者必須能夠和當(dāng)代人民同呼吸,共命運(yùn);第三,有時(shí),譯者還必須重新進(jìn)行藝術(shù)構(gòu)思,并賦之以完美的語(yǔ)言形式。
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