建立起覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生體系。一是公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系。包括疾病預(yù)防控制、健康教育、婦幼保健、精神衛(wèi)生、衛(wèi)生應(yīng)急、采供血、衛(wèi)生監(jiān)督和計劃生育等專業(yè)公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以及以基層醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)為基礎(chǔ)、承擔(dān)公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)功能的醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系。二是醫(yī)療服務(wù)體系。在農(nóng)村建立起以縣級醫(yī)院為龍頭、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)衛(wèi)生院和村衛(wèi)生室為基礎(chǔ)的農(nóng)村三級醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，在城市建立起各級各類醫(yī)院與社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)機構(gòu)分工協(xié)作的新型城市醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)體系。三是醫(yī)療保障體系。這個體系以基本醫(yī)療保障為主體、其他多種形式補充醫(yī)療保險和商業(yè)健康保險為補充。基本醫(yī)療保障體系包括城鎮(zhèn)職工基本醫(yī)療保險、城鎮(zhèn)居民基本醫(yī)療保險、新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療和城鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)療救助，分別覆蓋城鎮(zhèn)就業(yè)人口、城鎮(zhèn)非就業(yè)人口、農(nóng)村人口和城鄉(xiāng)困難人群。四是藥品供應(yīng)保障體系。包括藥品的生產(chǎn)、流通、價格管理、采購、配送、使用。近期重點是建立國家基本藥物制度。
衛(wèi)生籌資結(jié)構(gòu)不斷優(yōu)化。衛(wèi)生籌資來源包括政府一般稅收、社會醫(yī)療保險、商業(yè)健康保險和居民自費等多種渠道。2011年，中國衛(wèi)生總費用達24345.91億元人民幣，同期人均衛(wèi)生總費用為1806.95元人民幣，衛(wèi)生總費用占國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的比重為5.1%。按可比價格計算，1978—2011年，中國衛(wèi)生總費用年平均增長速度為11.32%。個人現(xiàn)金衛(wèi)生支出由2002年的57.7%下降到2011年的34.8%，衛(wèi)生籌資系統(tǒng)的風(fēng)險保護水平和再分配作用不斷提高。2011年，醫(yī)院、門診機構(gòu)費用為18089.4億元人民幣，公共衛(wèi)生機構(gòu)費用為2040.67億元人民幣，分別占衛(wèi)生總費用的71.74%和8.09%。醫(yī)院費用中，城市醫(yī)院、縣醫(yī)院、社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務(wù)中心、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)衛(wèi)生院費用分別占64.13%、21.28%、5.17%、9.3%。
Medical and healthcare systems covering both urban and rural residents have been put in place. Of these systems, the first is the public health service system, which covers disease prevention and control, health education, maternity and child care, mental health, health emergency response, blood collection and supply, health supervision, family planning and some other specialized public health services, and a medical and healthcare system based on community-level healthcare networks that provides public health services. The second is the medical care system. In the rural areas, it refers to a three-level medical service network that comprises the county hospital, the township hospitals and village clinics, with the county hospital performing the leading role, and township hospitals and village clinics service at the base. And in the cities and towns, it refers to a new type of urban medical health service system that features division of responsibilities as well as cooperation among various types of hospitals at all levels and community healthcare centers. The third is the medical security system. This system comprises mainly the basic medical security, supported by many forms of supplementary medical insurance and commercial health insurance. The basic medical security system covers basic medical insurance for working urban residents, basic medical insurance for non-working urban residents, a new type of rural cooperative medical care and urban-rural medical aid, which cover, respectively, the employed urban population, unemployed urban population, rural population and people suffering from economic difficulties. And the fourth is the pharmaceutical supply system, which covers the production, circulation, price control, procurement, dispatching and use of pharmaceuticals. The recent work is focused on establishing a national system for basic drugs.
The health financing structure has been constantly improved. China's health expenditure comes from the government's general tax revenue, social medical insurance, commercial health insurance, residents' out-of-pocket spending, etc. In 2011, the total health expenditure in China reached 2,434.591 billion yuan, 1,806.95 yuan per capita. The total expenditure accounted for 5.1% of the country's GDP. In comparable prices, the health expenditure grew by an average annual rate of 11.32% from 1978 to 2011. Individual "out-of-pocket" spending declined from 57.7% in 2002 to 34.8% in 2011, showing that health financing is working better in the areas of risk protection and re-distribution. In 2011, the spending on hospitals and outpatient establishments was 1,808.94 billion yuan, and that on public health agencies, 204.067 billion yuan, comprising 71.74% and 8.09%, respectively, of the total health expenditure. Of the total spending on hospitals, those on urban hospitals, county hospitals, community health service centers and township health service centers stood at 64.13%, 21.28%, 5.17% and 9.3%, respectively.
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