2015年，《中共中央國(guó)務(wù)院關(guān)于加快推進(jìn)生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的意見》和《生態(tài)文明體制改革總體方案》發(fā)布，提出生態(tài)文明建設(shè)和生態(tài)文明體制改革的總體要求、目標(biāo)愿景、重點(diǎn)任務(wù)和制度體系，明確了路線圖和時(shí)間表。目前，中國(guó)已建立起覆蓋全國(guó)的主體功能區(qū)制度和資源環(huán)境管理制度，中央環(huán)保督察實(shí)現(xiàn)了31個(gè)省區(qū)市全覆蓋，對(duì)省以下環(huán)保機(jī)構(gòu)監(jiān)測(cè)監(jiān)察執(zhí)法實(shí)行垂直管理，并全面實(shí)行河長(zhǎng)制、湖長(zhǎng)制及控制污染物排放許可制。開展按流域設(shè)置環(huán)境監(jiān)管和行政執(zhí)法機(jī)構(gòu)試點(diǎn)，增強(qiáng)流域環(huán)境監(jiān)管和行政執(zhí)法合力，實(shí)現(xiàn)流域環(huán)境保護(hù)統(tǒng)一規(guī)劃、統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、統(tǒng)一環(huán)評(píng)、統(tǒng)一監(jiān)測(cè)、統(tǒng)一執(zhí)法。確立生態(tài)文明建設(shè)目標(biāo)評(píng)價(jià)考核、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部自然資源資產(chǎn)離任審計(jì)等監(jiān)督機(jī)制，形成環(huán)保職責(zé)明確、追究嚴(yán)格的責(zé)任制度鏈條，落實(shí)“黨政同責(zé)”“一崗雙責(zé)”。推動(dòng)建立生態(tài)保護(hù)紅線制度，制定自然資源統(tǒng)一確權(quán)登記、自然生態(tài)空間用途管制辦法和全民所有自然資源資產(chǎn)有償使用制度改革的指導(dǎo)意見，推進(jìn)“多規(guī)合一”、國(guó)家公園體制等試點(diǎn)。健全生態(tài)保護(hù)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制，設(shè)置跨地區(qū)環(huán)保機(jī)構(gòu)生態(tài)環(huán)境損害賠償制度改革試點(diǎn)。
Two documents were issued in 2015, and they were the Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Accelerating Ecological Progress, and the General Plan for Reforming the System for Ecological Conservation, laying out the overall requirements, prospected goals, key tasks, and institutional arrangements to ensure ecological progress and reform the ecological sector, complete with a roadmap and timetable. To date, China has established a nationwide system of main functional areas and a resource-environment administration system. The central supervisory mechanism for environmental protection covers all 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, with the central environment watchdog directly overseeing the activities of environmental protection organs below provincial level, such as those commissioned for environmental monitoring, inspection, and law enforcement. It has also put in place a “river and lake chief” system – where selected local Party and government officials ensure their assigned rivers and lakes are free from pollution – and a licensing mechanism for controlling pollutant discharge. China has run pilot programs to carry out river basin-related environment monitoring and law enforcement, in order to strengthen supervision in different river basins and boost synergistic law enforcement, and to have unified planning, standards, assessment, monitoring, and law enforcement activities within the same basins. To assess the performance of officials in providing leadership to ecological conservation, China has set up an ecological goal appraisal system, and a supervisory system for auditing the natural resource assets when a relevant official leaves office. In this way, a clear-cut and rigorous liability mechanism has been put in place so that both Party and government officials take responsibility for environmental protection, and they both fulfill official duties and uphold clean governance. The state has set red lines for ecological conservation, and put in force unified registration of natural resource rights, measures for managing natural and ecological space, and guidelines on reforming paid use of natural resource assets owned by the whole people. Different regulations and measures have been integrated for simplification, and pilot programs on state parks have been rolled out. China has improved its ecological compensation mechanism, and run trials to reform the ecological damage compensation system coordinated between cross-regional environmental protection institutions.
與此同時(shí)，西藏、青海、四川、甘肅、云南等省區(qū)結(jié)合高原實(shí)際，制定了與生態(tài)文明建設(shè)相關(guān)的地方性法規(guī)和實(shí)施辦法。西藏自治區(qū)制定了《關(guān)于著力構(gòu)筑國(guó)家重要生態(tài)安全屏障 加快推進(jìn)生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的實(shí)施意見》《關(guān)于建設(shè)美麗西藏的意見》《西藏自治區(qū)環(huán)境保護(hù)考核辦法》等。青海省制定了《青海省生態(tài)文明制度建設(shè)總體方案》《青海省生態(tài)文明建設(shè)促進(jìn)條例》《青海省創(chuàng)建全國(guó)生態(tài)文明先行區(qū)行動(dòng)方案》等。四川省制定了《四川省自然保護(hù)區(qū)管理?xiàng)l例》等。甘肅省制定了《甘肅祁連山國(guó)家級(jí)自然保護(hù)區(qū)管理?xiàng)l例》等。云南省制定了《迪慶州“兩江”流域生態(tài)安全屏障保護(hù)與建設(shè)規(guī)劃》《滇西北生物多樣性保護(hù)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃》等。青藏高原諸省區(qū)生態(tài)文明制度體系基本形成。
自然保護(hù)地體系初步建立
Each taking into account their local geographical conditions, Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu and Yunnan have formulated their own regulations and measures regarding ecological conservation. The Tibet Autonomous Region issued the Opinions on Building an Important National Barrier for Ecological Security and Accelerating Ecological Progress, Opinions on Building a Beautiful Tibet, and Measures of Tibet Autonomous Region on Environmental Conservation Appraisal. Qinghai Province released the General Plan of Qinghai Province on Developing a System for Ecological Progress, Regulations of Qinghai Province on Promoting Ecological Progress, and Action Plan of Qinghai Province on Pioneering an Ecological Model. Sichuan issued the Regulations of Sichuan Province on the Management of Nature Reserves; Gansu, the Regulations on the Management of Qilian Mountain State Nature Reserve; and Yunnan, the Plan on the Protection of the Two Rivers Ecological Barrier in Deqen Prefecture and Action Plan on the Protection of Biodiversity in Northwest Yunnan. Through these efforts a system has been established in all relevant provinces and autonomous regions to ensure ecological progress on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
A system of protected natural areas has been set up.
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