生態(tài)補(bǔ)償制度是國(guó)家保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境的重要舉措。國(guó)家在青藏高原建立了重點(diǎn)生態(tài)功能區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移支付、森林生態(tài)效益補(bǔ)償、草原生態(tài)保護(hù)補(bǔ)助獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)、濕地生態(tài)效益補(bǔ)償?shù)壬鷳B(tài)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制。2008－2017年，中央財(cái)政分別下達(dá)青海、西藏兩省區(qū)重點(diǎn)生態(tài)功能區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移支付資金162.89億元和83.49億元，補(bǔ)助范圍涉及兩省區(qū)77個(gè)重點(diǎn)生態(tài)縣域和所有國(guó)家級(jí)禁止開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)。
“十五”（2001－2005年）以來(lái)，西藏自治區(qū)獲得國(guó)家下達(dá)的森林、草原、濕地、重點(diǎn)生態(tài)功能區(qū)等各類(lèi)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償資金累計(jì)達(dá)316億元。其中，“十二五”（2011－2015年）期間，國(guó)家累計(jì)下達(dá)西藏草原生態(tài)保護(hù)補(bǔ)助獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)資金108.8億元。2015年以來(lái)，自治區(qū)探索建立野生動(dòng)物肇事補(bǔ)償機(jī)制，投入8500萬(wàn)元幫助牧民減輕因野生動(dòng)物肇事帶來(lái)的損失。
The ecological compensation mechanism is an important step taken by the state to protect the environment. In the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region, China has initiated a series of ecological compensation mechanisms, including transfer payments to key ecological function zones, forest ecological benefit compensation, grassland ecological protection subsidy and reward, and wetland ecological benefit compensation. In 2008-2017, the central government made transfer payments of RMB16.29 billion and RMB8.35 billion to the key ecological function zones in Qinghai and Tibet, covering 77 key counties and all areas prohibited to development by the state.
Since the 10th Five-year Plan period (2001-2005), Tibet Autonomous Region has received RMB31.6 billion in ecological compensation for its forests, grasslands, wetlands, and key ecological function zones. During the 12th Five-year Plan period (2011-2015), the state paid a total of RMB10.9 billion to Tibet in grassland conservation subsidy and rewards. Since 2015, the autonomous region has been experimenting with a compensation program for damage caused by wildlife, mitigating herdsmen’s losses to a total amount of RMB85 million.
國(guó)家對(duì)青海省生態(tài)建設(shè)投入力度不斷加大。2013年起，中央財(cái)政累計(jì)安排資金164億元，陸續(xù)實(shí)施了草原、森林和濕地等生態(tài)效益補(bǔ)償類(lèi)項(xiàng)目。為實(shí)現(xiàn)生態(tài)保護(hù)和脫貧有機(jī)結(jié)合，青海省推出生態(tài)公益管護(hù)員制度，每年安排補(bǔ)助資金8.8億元?！笆濉币詠?lái)，青海省有62.23萬(wàn)戶農(nóng)牧民住房得到改善，162.4萬(wàn)人喝上潔凈水，65萬(wàn)無(wú)電人口用上可靠電，人民生活水平得到較大改善。云南省迪慶州自2009年起實(shí)施公益林生態(tài)效益補(bǔ)償制度，至2017年國(guó)家累計(jì)補(bǔ)助資金達(dá)11.03億元。2017年，四川省甘孜州和阿壩州有效管護(hù)集體公益林分別為128.23萬(wàn)公頃和69.60萬(wàn)公頃，公益林森林生態(tài)效益年度補(bǔ)償資金分別為2.84億元和1.54億元。
二、生態(tài)保育成效顯著
Funds to encourage ecological progress in Qinghai Province have been increased. Since 2013, the central government has allotted a total of RMB16.4 billion in ecological compensation for grasslands, forests and wetlands in Qinghai. To integrate conservation and poverty reduction, Qinghai has initiated a public ranger program to monitor the environment, with an annual subsidy of RMB880 million. Since the 12th Five-year Plan period the state has helped 622,300 farming and herding households in Qinghai to obtain better housing, provided clean drinking water to 1.6 million people, and ensured reliable power access to 650,000 people. This represents a considerable improvement of quality of life. In Deqen Prefecture of Yunnan Province, an ecological compensation mechanism for public benefit forests has been in place since 2009, receiving a total of RMB1.1 billion in state subsidies by 2017. In 2017, Ganzi Prefecture of Sichuan Province had 1,282,300 ha of public benefit forests under effective protection and received RMB284 million in ecological compensation; the corresponding figures for Aba Prefecture were 696,000 ha and RMB154 million.
II. Prominent Progress in Ecosystem Conservation
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