- 簽證留學(xué) |
- 筆譯 |
- 口譯
- 求職 |
- 日/韓語 |
- 德語
1. 兩種基本結(jié)構(gòu)
對(duì)比和比較型結(jié)構(gòu)的論說文是英語考試作文中一種常見的命題方式。即要求對(duì)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的事物、事件、觀點(diǎn)作比較,通過它們之間相同或相異之處的比較,看出它們各自的特點(diǎn)或優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。由于目的不同,寫法也不同。一種是純介紹性的,即通過比較或?qū)Ρ葋砜陀^地提供有關(guān)兩事物的信息,并不表明自己的看法和態(tài)度。
另一種是論述性的,即通過比較或?qū)Ρ葋肀砻鲗?duì)兩個(gè)事物的態(tài)度和看法。目前考試中的命題作文都屬于這一種,托福把這種作文結(jié)構(gòu)稱為Comparison and Taking Positions。五段作文都用這種結(jié)構(gòu),所以,我們對(duì)此將作重點(diǎn)介紹。這種論述性比較有如下兩種寫法。
1.1傾向性比較
通過兩事物(A,B)之間的不同特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)的比較,進(jìn)行較深入的論述。它的基本結(jié)構(gòu)如下:
Introduction
Thesis
Prefer A to B
B's advantages and disadvantages
A's disadvantages and advantages
A's advantages
Conclusion
第一段先引出要比較的兩個(gè)事物或事件。若能表明自己的傾向,也可在此段里表達(dá)。第二至第四段主要通過對(duì)比和比較,進(jìn)一步說明或闡明自己的看法。由于這種比較是有傾向性的比較,因此對(duì)兩事物的特點(diǎn)及優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)的敘述不能“一視同仁”,而要有區(qū)別。
一般說來,對(duì)要否定的事物其優(yōu)點(diǎn)要少寫、略寫,一筆帶過,在句子結(jié)構(gòu)里,把優(yōu)點(diǎn)置于從句位置。而其缺點(diǎn)要充分暴露,甚至不惜夸大。相反,對(duì)要肯定的事物其優(yōu)點(diǎn)應(yīng)多寫、詳寫;充分顯示,而對(duì)其缺點(diǎn)應(yīng)輕描淡寫,甚至不寫。這種有側(cè)重的敘述,較能保證觀點(diǎn)鮮明。
在段落安排上,為體現(xiàn)這種主次輕重,可以這樣安排:
第二段要寫否定的事物,先肯定其優(yōu)點(diǎn),然后指出其致命的缺點(diǎn)。第三段寫要肯定的事物,先承認(rèn)有一定的缺點(diǎn),后分析其優(yōu)點(diǎn)。第四段繼續(xù)寫肯定的事物,分析其他的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。如比較兩個(gè)朋友:
Friend A and Friend B
I. Instead of the one who has similar personality as mine, I prefer to have a friend whose personality is different.
II. A person of the similar personality is more easy to get along with. But you can learn few things from each other.
III. A person having a different personality may be difficult to deal with, but you can learn more new things from him/her.
IV. Through a friend with different personality, you can have new experiences and see yourself more clearly.
V. To learn to get along with the persons with different personality will benefit for your career and personal life.
1.2 平衡性比較
有些文章作者既不完全贊成一事物,也不完全贊成另一事物,因而在依次分析了兩個(gè)事物的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)后,可作出平衡的結(jié)論。其基本模式是:
Introduction
Thesis: Both A and B have advantages and disadvantages
A's advantages
A's disadvantages
B's advantages (and disadvantages)
Balanced Conclusion
第一段引出要比較的兩個(gè)事物,然后表明看法,它們各有優(yōu)缺點(diǎn);第二段寫A事物的優(yōu)點(diǎn);第三段寫A事物的缺點(diǎn);第四段寫B(tài)事物的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn);第五段寫平衡的看法。