5.Misplaced modifiers

 Misplaced modifiers是指將修飾語(yǔ)放在錯(cuò)誤的地方，從而產(chǎn)生歧義的現(xiàn)象。舉個(gè)例子：

I was told that I would be awarded the scholarship by my professor.

這句話因?yàn)閎y my professor這一修飾語(yǔ)放置不當(dāng)而產(chǎn)生了歧義。它可以理解為“我被我的教授告知我會(huì)獲得獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金”，也可以理解為“我被告知我的教授會(huì)授予我獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金”。避免歧義的方法是調(diào)整by my professor的位置，比如：

I was told by my professor that I would be awarded the scholarship.

類似的例子還有：

A team led by Dr. Craig Smith from the University of Hawaii at Manoa found the crabs using a remotely operated submersible.

這句話同樣有歧義，因?yàn)閡sing a remotely operated submersible可以理解為螃蟹發(fā)出的動(dòng)作，也可以理解為研究團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)出的動(dòng)作。為了避免歧義，句子可以改為：

A team led by Dr. Craig Smith from the University of Hawaii at Manoa used a remotely operated submersible to find the crabs.

 6.慎用代名詞

 我們有時(shí)候會(huì)用代名詞來(lái)指代前面提到的名詞或是句子成分，但它有個(gè)缺點(diǎn)：讀者有時(shí)候很難確定代名詞究竟指代哪一部分。學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作要求清晰嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，因此使用代名詞時(shí)一定要謹(jǐn)慎，必要時(shí)可以對(duì)代名詞進(jìn)行替換。比如：

A case study approach was chosen; thisallowed a closer observation of a single specimen.

句子中this可能指代a case study approach，也可能指代a case study approach was chosen這一整句話，為了使句意清晰，我們可以將句子改為：

A case study approach was chosen to allow a closer observation of a single specimen.

又比如：

X substantially alters Y. Thissuggests that Y can be modified using the proposed model.

句子可以改為更清晰的版本：

X substantially alters Y. This findingsuggests that Y can be modified using the proposed model.

 7.避免使用可能會(huì)造成性別歧視的代名詞

 在使用he, she, his, her, him這類代名詞時(shí)，應(yīng)避免出現(xiàn)只偏袒一方情況，舉個(gè)例子：

When a politician campaigns for office, hemust spend considerable funds to compete with his opponents.

這里代名詞只提及到了男性一方，為了避免出現(xiàn)性別歧視，我們可以使用名詞和代詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：

When politicians campaign for office, theymust spend considerable funds to compete with theiropponents.

或者將句子中的代名詞去掉：

A politician whocampaigns for office must spend considerable funds to compete with opponents.

同時(shí)，在使用一些名詞的時(shí)候也要注意性別問(wèn)題，比如要表達(dá)“人類”，用humankind會(huì)比用mankind好一點(diǎn)，因?yàn)閙ankind帶有一定的性別色彩，一些人會(huì)質(zhì)疑為什么只有mankind而沒(méi)有womankind，而使用humankind（fawu.ma.cn）會(huì)顯得公平很多。

8.逗號(hào)問(wèn)題

 雖然逗號(hào)看起來(lái)是小問(wèn)題，但還是有不少人會(huì)用錯(cuò)。這里提一個(gè)常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題：當(dāng)連詞后面的句子不完整時(shí)，連詞前面不能用逗號(hào)。舉個(gè)例子：

I knew the price of IBM stock would increase after it entered the home computer market, but had no idea that the price would skyrocket.

連詞but后面的部分had no idea that the price would skyrocket不是一個(gè)完整的句子，因此but之前不能加逗號(hào)。也就是說(shuō)，上面的寫(xiě)法是錯(cuò)誤的。

 正確的寫(xiě)法應(yīng)該是：

I knew the price of IBM stock would increase after it entered the home computer market but had no idea that the price would skyrocket.

另外，如果連詞后面的部分是一個(gè)完整的句子，則建議在連詞前面加逗號(hào)，比如：

I knew the price of IBM stock would increase after it entered the home computer market, but I had no idea that the price would skyrocket.

不推薦下面這種寫(xiě)法：

I knew the price of IBM stock would increase after it entered the home computer market but I had no idea that the price would skyrocket.

除了上面提到的這幾點(diǎn)之外，常見(jiàn)的學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作問(wèn)題還有濫用大詞、冗余以及冠詞使用錯(cuò)誤等，這些問(wèn)題可以通過(guò)查閱詞典和語(yǔ)法書(shū)來(lái)解決。關(guān)于冠詞使用問(wèn)題可參考文章：英語(yǔ)作文中什么時(shí)候需要用the，什么時(shí)候不需要？