四、維吾爾族是經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)期遷徙融合形成的

　　維吾爾族先民的主體是隋唐時(shí)期的回紇人，活動(dòng)在蒙古高原，曾經(jīng)有烏護(hù)、烏紇、袁紇、韋紇、回紇等多種漢譯名稱?；丶v人為了反抗突厥的壓迫和奴役，聯(lián)合鐵勒諸部中的仆固、同羅等部組成了回紇部落聯(lián)盟。744年，統(tǒng)一了回紇各部的首領(lǐng)骨力裴羅受唐朝冊(cè)封。788年，回紇統(tǒng)治者上書唐朝，自請(qǐng)改為“回鶻”。840年，回鶻汗國(guó)被黠戛斯攻破，回鶻人除一部分遷入內(nèi)地同漢人融合外，其余分為3支：一支遷往吐魯番盆地和今天的吉木薩爾地區(qū)，建立了高昌回鶻王國(guó)；一支遷往河西走廊，與當(dāng)?shù)刂T族交往融合，形成裕固族；一支遷往帕米爾以西，后分布在中亞至今喀什一帶，與葛邏祿、樣磨等部族一起建立了喀喇汗王朝。回鶻人相繼融合了吐魯番盆地的漢人、塔里木盆地的焉耆人、龜茲人、于闐人、疏勒人等，構(gòu)成近代維吾爾族的主體。元代，維吾爾族先民在漢語(yǔ)中又稱畏兀兒。元明時(shí)期，新疆各民族進(jìn)一步融合，蒙古人尤其是察合臺(tái)汗國(guó)的蒙古人基本和畏兀兒人融為一體，為畏兀兒補(bǔ)充了新鮮血液。1934年，新疆省發(fā)布政府令，決定統(tǒng)一使用維吾爾作為漢文規(guī)范稱謂，意為維護(hù)你我團(tuán)結(jié)，首次精確表達(dá)了Uygur名稱的本意。

　　IV. The Uygur Ethnic Group Formed Through a Long Process of Migration and Integration

　　The main ancestors of the Uygurs were the Ouigour people who lived on the Mongolian Plateau during the Sui and Tang dynasties. Many different names were used in historical records to refer to this group of people.

　　Historically, to resist oppression and slavery by the Turks, the Ouigour people united with some of the Tiele tribes to form the Ouigour tribal alliance. In 744, the Tang court conferred a title on Kutlug Bilge Khagan, who united the Ouigour tribes. In 788, the then Ouigour ruler wrote to the Tang emperor, requesting to have their name changed to “Uighur”.

　　After the Uighur Khanate was defeated by the Kyrgyz people in 840, some of the Uighurs moved inland to live with the Han people, and the rest were divided into three sub-groups. One of the sub-groups moved to the Turpan Basin and the present-day Jimsar region, where they founded the Uighur Kingdom of Gaochang. Another moved to the Hexi Corridor, where they merged with local ethnic groups to become what was later known as the Yugurs. The third sub-group moved to the west of Pamir, scattered in areas from Central Asia to Kashgar, and joined the Karluk and Yagma peoples in founding the Kara-Khanid Khanate. There they merged with the Han people in the Turpan Basin and the Yanqi, Qiuci, Khotan, Shule, and other peoples in the Tarim Basin to form the main body of the modern Uygur ethnic group.

　　In the Yuan and Ming dynasties, the various ethnic groups in Xinjiang further merged. The Mongols, especially those of the Chagatai Khanate, were fused with the Uighurs, adding fresh blood to the Uighur group. In 1934, Xinjiang issued a government order, stipulating that “維吾爾” would be the standard Chinese name for Uygurs, which for the first time expressed the accurate meaning of “Uygur”: to maintain unity among the people.

　　歷史上，維吾爾族先民受突厥人奴役，兩者是被奴役和奴役的關(guān)系。維吾爾族先民回紇早期受突厥統(tǒng)治，在唐朝軍隊(duì)支持下，起兵反抗東突厥汗國(guó)，并先后攻滅西突厥汗國(guó)、后突厥汗國(guó)。西突厥汗國(guó)滅亡后，一些使用突厥語(yǔ)族語(yǔ)言的部落向西遷徙，其中一支長(zhǎng)期輾轉(zhuǎn)西遷小亞細(xì)亞，融入當(dāng)?shù)刂T族。維吾爾人不是突厥人的后裔。

　The Ouigours endured slavery under the rule of the Turks. With support from Tang Dynasty troops, they rebelled against the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and defeated the Western Turkic Khaganate and the Second Turkic Khaganate. After the demise of the Western Turkic Khaganate, some Turkic-speaking tribes migrated westward. One of these tribes gradually settled down in Asia Minor, and integrated with local ethnic groups. The Uygurs are not descendants of the Turks.

　　近代以來(lái)，一些“泛突厥主義”分子以西遷的部分使用突厥語(yǔ)族語(yǔ)言的部落融入當(dāng)?shù)刂T族為借口，把使用突厥語(yǔ)族語(yǔ)言的各民族都說(shuō)成是突厥人，這是別有用心的。語(yǔ)族和民族是兩個(gè)不同的概念，有著本質(zhì)的區(qū)別。中國(guó)使用突厥語(yǔ)族語(yǔ)言的有維吾爾、哈薩克、柯爾克孜、烏孜別克、塔塔爾、裕固、撒拉等民族，他們都具有各自歷史和文化特質(zhì)，絕不是所謂“突厥族”的組成部分。

　Since the modern times, some Pan-Turkism advocates with ulterior motives have described all peoples of the Turkic language family as “the Turks” using the untenable argument that the Turkic-speaking tribe integrated with the ancestors of the Turkish people after migrating westward. A language family and an ethnic group are two essentially different concepts. In China, ethnic groups speaking Turkic languages include the Uygurs, Kazaks, Kirgiz, Uzbeks, Tatars, Yugurs, and Salars, each with its own history and unique culture. These peoples cannot be referred to as “Turks”.

　　五、新疆各民族文化是中華文化的組成部分

　　中華民族具有5000多年的文明發(fā)展史，各民族共同創(chuàng)造了悠久的中國(guó)歷史、燦爛的中華文化。秦漢雄風(fēng)、盛唐氣象、康乾盛世，是各民族共同鑄就的輝煌。多民族多文化是中國(guó)的一大特色，也是國(guó)家發(fā)展的重要?jiǎng)恿Α?/p>

　　V. Xinjiang Ethnic Cultures Are Part of Chinese Culture

　　The Chinese nation has a civilization that dates back more than 5,000 years. Over these five millennia, all ethnic groups of China have created a long history and a splendid culture. The prosperity of the Qin, Han and Tang dynasties and during the reign of the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors of the Qing Dynasty was achieved by all the ethnic groups together. Ethnic and cultural diversity is a salient feature of the Chinese nation and also an important driving force for China’s national development.