六、新疆歷來(lái)是多種宗教并存的地區(qū)

　　中國(guó)自古以來(lái)就是多宗教的國(guó)家，除了組織性、制度性較強(qiáng)的幾大宗教外，還存在大量的民間信仰。除了道教和民間信仰是中國(guó)土生土長(zhǎng)的之外，其他都由國(guó)外傳入。新疆地區(qū)歷來(lái)也是多種宗教信仰并存，一教或兩教為主、多教并存是新疆宗教格局的歷史特點(diǎn)，交融共存是新疆宗教關(guān)系的主流。

　　VI. Multiple Religions Have Long Coexisted in Xinjiang

　　China has long been a multi-religious country. In addition to several major religions that are structured in accordance with strict religious norms, a variety of folk beliefs are also popular in China. Among these, Taoism and local folk beliefs are native to China, while all other religions were introduced from foreign countries. The history of Xinjiang shows that multiple religions have long coexisted there, with one or two predominant. The region’s religious structure is characterized by blending and coexistence.

　　新疆多種宗教并存格局形成和演變經(jīng)歷了漫長(zhǎng)的歷史過程。早在公元前4世紀(jì)以前，新疆流行的是原始宗教。大約公元前1世紀(jì)，佛教傳入新疆地區(qū)，4世紀(jì)至10世紀(jì)，佛教進(jìn)入鼎盛時(shí)期。同期，祆教流行于新疆各地。至16世紀(jì)末17世紀(jì)初，藏傳佛教在北疆地區(qū)逐漸興盛起來(lái)。道教于5世紀(jì)前后傳入新疆，主要盛行于吐魯番、哈密等地，至清代傳播至新疆大部分地區(qū)并一度復(fù)興。摩尼教和景教于6世紀(jì)相繼傳入新疆。10世紀(jì)至14世紀(jì)，景教隨著回鶻等民族信仰而興盛。

　　The formation and evolution of the coexistence of multiple religions in Xinjiang has been a long process:

　　? Prior to the 4th century BC, primitive religion was widespread in Xinjiang.

　　?Around the 1st century BC, Buddhism was introduced into Xinjiang.

　　?From the 4th to 10th centuries, Buddhism reached its peak, while Zoroastrianism proliferated throughout Xinjiang.

　　?During the late 16th century and early 17th century, Tibetan Buddhism thrived in northern Xinjiang.

　　?Around the 5th century, Taoism spread into Xinjiang, prevalent in Turpan and Hami areas. During the Qing Dynasty, it revived in most parts of Xinjiang.

　　?In the 6th century, Manichaeism and Nestorianism entered Xinjiang. From the 10th to 14th centuries, Nestorianism flourished as the Uighur and some other peoples converted to it.

　　9世紀(jì)末10世紀(jì)初，喀喇汗王朝接受伊斯蘭教，并于10世紀(jì)中葉向信仰佛教的于闐王國(guó)發(fā)動(dòng)40余年宗教戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，11世紀(jì)初攻滅于闐，強(qiáng)制推行伊斯蘭教，結(jié)束了佛教在這個(gè)地區(qū)千余年的歷史。隨著伊斯蘭教的不斷傳播，祆教、摩尼教、景教等宗教日趨衰落。14世紀(jì)中葉，東察合臺(tái)汗國(guó)統(tǒng)治者以戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)等強(qiáng)制手段，將伊斯蘭教逐漸推行到塔里木盆地北緣、吐魯番盆地和哈密一帶。至16世紀(jì)初，新疆形成了以伊斯蘭教為主要宗教、多種宗教并存的格局并延續(xù)至今，原來(lái)當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裥叛龅撵旖?、摩尼教、景教等逐漸消失，佛教、道教仍然存在。17世紀(jì)初，衛(wèi)拉特蒙古人接受了藏傳佛教。約自18世紀(jì)始，基督教、天主教、東正教相繼傳入新疆。

　　In the late 9th century and early 10th century, the Kara-Khanid Khanate accepted Islam. It started a 40-year-long religious war in the mid-10th century against the Buddhist Kingdom of Khotan, and conquered it in the early 11th century and imposed Islam there, putting an end to the thousand-year history of Buddhism in that region. With the expansion of Islam, Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism, and Nestorianism declined. In the mid-14th century, the rulers of the Eastern Chagatai Khanate (1348-1509) spread Islam to the northern edge of the Tarim Basin, the Turpan Basin and Hami through war and duress. By the early 16th century, many religions had coexisted in Xinjiang, with Islam predominant, Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism, and Nestorianism gone, and Buddhism and Taoism surviving. The coexistence has continued to this day in the region. In the early 17th century, the Oirat Mongols accepted Tibetan Buddhism. Beginning in the 18th century, Protestantism, Catholicism, and the Eastern Orthodox Church reached Xinjiang.

　　新疆現(xiàn)有伊斯蘭教、佛教、道教、基督教、天主教、東正教等宗教。清真寺、教堂、寺院、道觀等宗教活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所2.48萬(wàn)座，宗教教職人員2.93萬(wàn)人。其中，清真寺2.44萬(wàn)座，佛教寺院59座，道教宮觀1座，基督教教堂（聚會(huì)點(diǎn)）227個(gè)，天主教教堂（聚會(huì)點(diǎn)）26個(gè)，東正教教堂（聚會(huì)點(diǎn)）3座。

　　Xinjiang now has multiple religions, including Islam, Buddhism, Taoism, Protestantism, Catholicism, and the Eastern Orthodox Church. It has 24,800 venues for religious activities, including mosques, churches, Buddhist and Taoist temples, with 29,300 religious staff. Among these, there are 24,400 mosques, 59 Buddhist temples, 1 Taoist temple, 227 Protestant churches (or meeting grounds), 26 Catholic churches (or meeting grounds), and 3 Orthodox churches (or meeting grounds).