三、傳染病防治與衛(wèi)生應(yīng)急

    新中國(guó)成立以來(lái)，中國(guó)政府堅(jiān)持“預(yù)防為主，防治結(jié)合”方針，不斷加大傳染病防治力度，通過開展預(yù)防接種和愛國(guó)衛(wèi)生運(yùn)動(dòng)等防控措施，降低了傳染病發(fā)病率，有效控制了傳染病的流行和蔓延。自20世紀(jì)50年代起，基本控制了鼠疫、霍亂、黑熱病、麻風(fēng)病等疾病的流行。2011年甲類和乙類傳染病發(fā)病率控制在241.4/10萬(wàn)的較低水平，有力保障了廣大居民的身體健康和生命安全。

    實(shí)施國(guó)家免疫規(guī)劃。免疫規(guī)劃工作是中國(guó)衛(wèi)生事業(yè)成效最為顯著、影響最為廣泛的工作之一。20世紀(jì)60年代初，中國(guó)通過接種牛痘消滅了天花，較世界衛(wèi)生組織1980年宣布全球根除天花早了十幾年。2000年，中國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)了無(wú)脊髓灰質(zhì)炎目標(biāo)。2002年，中國(guó)決定將新生兒乙肝疫苗納入國(guó)家免疫規(guī)劃，國(guó)家免疫規(guī)劃由接種4種疫苗預(yù)防6種傳染病，擴(kuò)大到接種5種疫苗預(yù)防7種傳染病。2007年，國(guó)家決定實(shí)施擴(kuò)大國(guó)家免疫規(guī)劃，國(guó)家免疫規(guī)劃疫苗增加到14種，預(yù)防15種傳染病，免疫規(guī)劃人群也從兒童擴(kuò)展到成人。新一輪醫(yī)改啟動(dòng)以來(lái)，國(guó)家免疫規(guī)劃內(nèi)容不斷擴(kuò)大，對(duì)于減少傳染病發(fā)生、保護(hù)公眾身體健康起到了積極作用，目前多數(shù)疫苗可預(yù)防傳染病的發(fā)病已降至歷史最低水平。

III. Infectious Disease Prevention and Treatment, and Health Emergency Management

Since the founding of New China, the Chinese government has persisted in the principle of "prevention first and integrating prevention with treatment" and continuously intensified efforts in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. By preventive inoculation, patriotic health campaigns and other prevention and control measures, China has succeeded in bringing down the morbidity of infectious diseases and brought their spread under control. China has basically brought under control the epidemics of such diseases as plague, cholera, kala-azar and leprosy since the 1950s. In 2011, the morbidity of Class A and B infectious diseases was kept at a low level - 241.4 per 100,000 people. All these measures help to safeguard the Chinese people's health and life.

National immunization program has been implemented. The national immunization program represents one of the most notable and influential undertakings of China's healthcare work. In the early 1960s, China eliminated smallpox through vaccine inoculation, a dozen years ahead before the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the eradication of the disease in 1980. China attained the goal of eliminating poliomyelitis in 2000. In 2002, the Chinese government decided to include hepatitis B vaccination for the newborn in the national immunization program, increasing the number of four vaccines against six infectious diseases to five vaccines against seven infectious diseases. In 2007, China decided to further expand the scope of the program, increasing the number of vaccines to 14 to prevent 15 infectious diseases and extending the scope of vaccination from children to including adults. Since the launch of the new round of medical reform, the scope of the national immunization program has kept expanding, and it has played a positive role in reducing the morbidity of infectious diseases and improving the health of the public. Already, the morbidity of most infectious diseases that can be prevented by vaccination has fallen to the lowest level in history.

    重點(diǎn)傳染病地方病得到有效控制。艾滋病、結(jié)核病、血吸蟲病、包蟲病、麻風(fēng)病、瘧疾等重大及重點(diǎn)傳染病患者獲得免費(fèi)藥物治療。截至2011年，中國(guó)存活艾滋病病毒感染者和病人約為78萬(wàn)人，遠(yuǎn)低于將艾滋病病毒感染人數(shù)控制在150萬(wàn)以內(nèi)的目標(biāo)。傳染性肺結(jié)核患病率降至66/10萬(wàn)，提前實(shí)現(xiàn)了聯(lián)合國(guó)千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)確定的結(jié)核病控制指標(biāo)。所有血吸蟲病流行縣實(shí)現(xiàn)疫情控制目標(biāo)，血吸蟲病病人控制在32.6萬(wàn)。率先在全球83個(gè)絲蟲病流行國(guó)家和地區(qū)中消除了絲蟲病。提升以監(jiān)測(cè)為核心的流感防控能力，2010年，中國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心國(guó)家流感中心被正式命名為全球第五個(gè)流感參比和研究中心。穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)地方病防治工作，在國(guó)家層面實(shí)現(xiàn)消除碘缺乏病目標(biāo)，大骨節(jié)病、克山病和氟中毒等病情得到有效控制，發(fā)病患者顯著減少。

    愛國(guó)衛(wèi)生運(yùn)動(dòng)卓有成效。愛國(guó)衛(wèi)生運(yùn)動(dòng)是中國(guó)公眾廣泛參與、與公眾健康密切相關(guān)的社會(huì)公益事業(yè)，迄今已開展60年。愛國(guó)衛(wèi)生運(yùn)動(dòng)堅(jiān)持預(yù)防為主的方針，通過開展除害滅病、健康教育和健康促進(jìn)、農(nóng)村改水改廁、國(guó)家衛(wèi)生城鎮(zhèn)創(chuàng)建、城鄉(xiāng)環(huán)境衛(wèi)生整治等，降低了傳染病危害，提高了居民健康水平，形成了愛國(guó)衛(wèi)生人人參與、健康生活人人共享的良好局面。截至目前，中國(guó)累計(jì)命名153個(gè)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生城市、32個(gè)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生區(qū)和456個(gè)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生鎮(zhèn)(縣城)，并在此基礎(chǔ)上探索國(guó)家健康城市(鎮(zhèn))創(chuàng)建工作。

Major infectious and endemic diseases have been brought under effective control. Patients of many major infectious diseases, such as AIDS, tuberculosis, snail fever, hydatid disease, leprosy and malaria, are provided medicines and treatment free of charge. In 2011, China's living HIV-infected persons and AIDS patients were estimated at 780,000, far below China's goal of controlling the HIV-infected population within 1.5 million. The morbidity of infectious tuberculosis has fallen to only 66 per 100,000 people, attaining the goal defined in the UN Millennium Development Goals ahead of time. All counties where epidemics of snail fever used to break out have attained the goal of bringing under control such epidemics, limiting the number of snail fever patients to 326,000. China took the lead in eradicating filariasis among the 83 countries where epidemics of filariasis hit. China keeps improving its capabilities of influenza control and prevention, taking monitoring at the major task. In 2010, the National Influenza Center of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention was officially nominated the fifth WHO Collaboration Center for Reference and Research on Influenza. China steadily promotes endemic disease prevention and treatment. It has eradicated the diseases caused by iodine deficiency at the national level, and brought under effective control of Kashin-Beck disease, Keshan disease and fluorine poisoning, notably reducing the incidence of these diseases.

Patriotic health campaign has gained fruitful results. Patriotic health campaign, an invention of China that has been in existence for 60 years so far, is a social welfare undertaking featuring massive public participation and a close relationship with the public health. Following the principle of taking prevention first, the campaign has reduced the hazards of infectious diseases and promoted the public health through a series of measures, such as exterminating pests, health education and promotion, improving rural water supply and sanitation, building "healthy cities and towns," and improving the environmental hygiene in both urban and rural areas. A wholesome atmosphere is taking shape, with everyone participating in the campaign and enjoying a healthy lifestyle. Now, China is exploring a better working mechanism for building "healthy cities and towns," based on the 153 cities, 32 districts and 456 towns (counties) that have been nominated "healthy" for their wholesome surroundings.