四、慢性非傳染性疾病防治

    伴隨中國工業(yè)化、城鎮(zhèn)化、老齡化進(jìn)程的加快，居民慢性病患病、死亡呈現(xiàn)持續(xù)快速增長趨勢。中國現(xiàn)有確診慢性病患者2.6億人，慢性病導(dǎo)致的死亡占中國總死亡的85%，導(dǎo)致的疾病負(fù)擔(dān)占總疾病負(fù)擔(dān)的70%。

    中國政府把防治慢性病作為增進(jìn)公眾健康、改善民生的重要任務(wù)，逐步建立起覆蓋全國的慢性病防治服務(wù)體系，對主要慢性病進(jìn)行分級管理，實(shí)施綜合防控策略，全面提高慢性病綜合防治能力，努力降低人群慢性病危險(xiǎn)因素水平，減少慢性病發(fā)病率、致殘率和死亡率。

IV. Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Non-communicable Disorders

Accelerated industrialization, urbanization and ageing of the population have brought about a trend of a continuous and rapid increase in the incidence of chronic diseases and mortality caused by such diseases. At present, about 260 million Chinese have been diagnosed to have contracted chronic diseases that have caused 85% of total deaths in China and incurred 70% of total medical costs.

The Chinese government regards chronic disease prevention and treatment as an important task in improving the people's health and well-being. It has established step by step a nationwide prevention and treatment service for chronic diseases, adopted level-by-level management over certain major chronic diseases, implemented a comprehensive control strategy, enhanced the overall prevention and treatment capacity over chronic diseases, made efforts to reduce factors that cause chronic diseases and bring down the morbidity and mortality of chronic diseases as well as disability caused by them.

    促進(jìn)慢性病防治結(jié)合。2002年以來，慢性病防控策略逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)由重治療向防治結(jié)合方向的轉(zhuǎn)變。國家級層面形成了以中國疾控中心、國家癌癥中心和國家心血管病中心為主要技術(shù)支撐的慢性病防控格局。各地逐步形成了由疾控機(jī)構(gòu)、基層醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)、醫(yī)院和專業(yè)防治機(jī)構(gòu)共同構(gòu)筑的慢性病防控工作網(wǎng)絡(luò)。提出早診斷、早治療，降低發(fā)病率、病死率和病殘率的慢性病防治目標(biāo)，面向一般人群、高危人群和患病人群，對心腦血管病、惡性腫瘤、糖尿病和慢性阻塞性肺病等主要慢性病，血壓升高、血糖升高、膽固醇升高和超重/肥胖等主要生物危險(xiǎn)因素，以及煙草使用、不健康飲食、缺少體力活動和過量飲酒等主要行為危險(xiǎn)因素，實(shí)施有效干預(yù)。

    制定慢性病防控措施。出臺《中國慢性病防治工作規(guī)劃(2012—2015年)》等一系列慢性病防控政策性文件和慢性病防治指南。從2005年開始，實(shí)施癌癥早診早治等慢性病防治重大專項(xiàng)。2007年，在全國啟動全民健康生活方式行動，多途徑、多形式、多角度推動健康生活方式行為養(yǎng)成。2009年，將高血壓、糖尿病、老年人健康管理納入醫(yī)改基本公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)項(xiàng)目內(nèi)容。2010年啟動國家級慢性病綜合防控示范區(qū)建設(shè)工作，提高慢性病綜合防控能力。大力開展兒童口腔疾病綜合干預(yù)，預(yù)防兒童齲齒。

Integration has been promoted between prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Since 2002, China's strategy for prevention and control of chronic diseases has gradually shifted to placing equal emphasis on prevention and treatment from laying stress on treatment alone. At the state level, a chronic disease prevention and control system, which takes as its technical support the China Center for Disease Control, the National Cancer Center of China and the National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of China, has gradually taken shape. In the localities, networks of chronic disease prevention and control have gradually been formed, comprising the local disease control institutions, grass-roots medical and healthcare institutions, hospitals as well as professional prevention and treatment organizations. The principle of early diagnosis and early treatment was proposed, in a bid to realize the targets of reducing the rate of morbidity, mortality and disability in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Primary attention has been directed at the general public, the high-risk population and people with diseases. For major chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, malignant tumors, diabetes and chronic obstructive lung diseases, effective medical interventions should be taken to reduce biological risk factors, like high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, high cholesterol in blood and overweight/obesity, and behavioral risk factors, such as smoking, unhealthy diet, lack of physical exercises and excessive drinking.

Measures for chronic disease control and prevention have been worked out. China has issued the "National Program for Chronic Disease Control and Prevention (2012-2015)" and other relevant policy documents and guidelines. Starting in 2005, such major special programs as that for early diagnosis and early treatment of cancer have been put into implementation. In 2007, a nationwide movement of healthy lifestyle was launched in the general public, employing various measures and channels to encourage the people to cultivate a healthy lifestyle. In 2009, the government included hypertension, diabetes and elders' health management in the basic public health services amidst medical reform. In 2010, China set out to build state-level demonstration areas in chronic disease prevention and control capacity, aiming at enhancing the comprehensive prevention and control capability against chronic diseases. Comprehensive intervention has been vigorously carried out for early-childhood oral disorders to prevent dental caries among children.