地方人大及其常委會積極行使地方立法職權(quán)，從地方經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展實際出發(fā)，制定了大量地方性法規(guī)，對保證憲法、法律和行政法規(guī)在本行政區(qū)域內(nèi)的有效實施，促進改革開放和社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)，發(fā)揮了重要作用。
(二)中國特色社會主義法律體系的部門
憲法相關(guān)法。憲法相關(guān)法是與憲法相配套、直接保障憲法實施和國家政權(quán)運作等方面的法律規(guī)范，調(diào)整國家政治關(guān)系，主要包括國家機構(gòu)的產(chǎn)生、組織、職權(quán)和基本工作原則方面的法律，民族區(qū)域自治制度、特別行政區(qū)制度、基層群眾自治制度方面的法律，維護國家主權(quán)、領(lǐng)土完整、國家安全、國家標志象征方面的法律，保障公民基本政治權(quán)利方面的法律。截至2011年8月底，中國已制定憲法相關(guān)法方面的法律38部和一批行政法規(guī)、地方性法規(guī)。
Local people's congresses and their standing committees, which actively exercise local legislative functions and powers, have enacted a large number of local regulations in the light of the actual conditions of local economic and social development, playing an important role in guaranteeing the effective implementation of the Constitution, laws and administrative regulations within their respective administrative regions, and promoting the reform and opening up and socialist modernization drive.
2. Branches of the socialist system of laws with Chinese characteristics
Laws related to the Constitution. The laws related to the Constitution are the collection of legal norms supporting the Constitution and directly guaranteeing its enforcement and the operation of state power. They regulate the political relationships of the state and mainly consist of laws in relation to the establishment, organization, functions, powers and basic working principles of state organs; laws on the system of regional ethnic autonomy, the system of special administrative regions and the primary-level self-governance; laws in relation to maintaining state sovereignty, territorial integrity, national security and national symbols; and laws in relation to guaranteeing the basic political rights of citizens. By the end of August 2011 China had enacted 38 laws related to the Constitution, as well as a number of administrative and local regulations.
中國制定了全國人民代表大會和地方各級人民代表大會選舉法、地方各級人民代表大會和地方各級人民政府組織法等法律，建立了人民代表大會代表和國家機構(gòu)領(lǐng)導人員選舉制度，為保證人民當家作主提供了制度保障，為國家機構(gòu)的產(chǎn)生提供了合法基礎(chǔ)；制定了全國人民代表大會組織法、國務(wù)院組織法、人民法院組織法、人民檢察院組織法等法律，建立了有關(guān)國家機構(gòu)的組織、職權(quán)和權(quán)限等方面的制度；為貫徹落實“一國兩制”方針，實現(xiàn)國家統(tǒng)一，制定了香港特別行政區(qū)基本法、澳門特別行政區(qū)基本法，建立了特別行政區(qū)制度，保持了香港、澳門的長期繁榮和穩(wěn)定；制定了居民委員會組織法和村民委員會組織法，建立了城鄉(xiāng)基層群眾自治制度。公民依法直接行使民主選舉、民主決策、民主管理和民主監(jiān)督的權(quán)利，對基層組織的公共事務(wù)和公益事業(yè)實行民主自治，這成為中國最直接、最廣泛的民主實踐。制定了締結(jié)條約程序法、領(lǐng)海及毗連區(qū)法、專屬經(jīng)濟區(qū)和大陸架法、反分裂國家法和國旗法、國徽法等法律，建立了維護國家主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整的法律制度，捍衛(wèi)了國家的根本利益；制定了集會游行示威法、國家賠償法等法律以及民族、宗教、信訪、出版、社團登記方面的行政法規(guī)，保障了公民基本政治權(quán)利。
中國充分保障公民的選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)。選舉實行普遍、平等、直接選舉和間接選舉相結(jié)合以及差額選舉的原則。中國憲法規(guī)定，年滿18周歲的公民，不分民族、種族、性別、職業(yè)、家庭出身、宗教信仰、教育程度、財產(chǎn)狀況、居住期限，除依法被剝奪政治權(quán)利的人外，都有選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)。為保障公民的選舉權(quán)和被選舉權(quán)，根據(jù)國情和實際，中國不斷修改完善選舉制度，逐步實現(xiàn)了城鄉(xiāng)按相同人口比例選舉人大代表，并保證各地區(qū)、各民族、各方面都有適當數(shù)量的代表，實現(xiàn)了城鄉(xiāng)居民選舉權(quán)的完全平等。
China has formulated electoral laws related to the NPC and local people's congresses at all levels, organic laws of local people's congresses and people's governments at all levels, and developed mechanisms for the election of deputies of the people's congresses and the leadership of state organs, providing an institutional guarantee for the people's exercise of state power and a legal basis for the formation of state organs. It has enacted organic laws of the NPC, the State Council, the People's Courts and the People's Procuratorates, and established systems concerning the organization, function and power and limits of related state organs. To implement the "one country, two systems" policy and realize national reunification, it has promulgated the basic laws of the Hong Kong and Macao special administrative regions and established the system of special administrative region which has ensured the long-term prosperity and stability of Hong Kong and Macao. It has formulated organic laws governing urban residents' committees and villagers' committees for the establishment of urban and rural primary-level self-governance. In this way, citizens directly exercise the rights of democratic election, decision, administration and supervision by law, and implement democratic self-government of public and welfare affairs at the grassroots level, which have become the most direct and extensive democratic practices in the country. China has promulgated the Law on the Procedure for the Conclusion of Treaties, Law on Territorial Waters and the Contiguous Zones, Law on Exclusive Economic Zones and the Continental Shelf, Anti-Secession Law, Law on the National Flag, Law on the National Emblem, and other laws, and established a legal system which maintains state sovereignty and territorial integrity while safeguarding the fundamental interests of the country. It has enacted the Law on Assemblies, Processions and Demonstrations, Law on State Compensation, and other laws, as well as administrative regulations concerning ethnic group, religion, petition, and publication and registration of mass organizations, which guarantee the basic political rights of the citizens.
China fully protects its citizens' right to vote and stand for election. Elections follow the principles of universal suffrage and equality, and are carried out in the forms of direct, indirect and competitive elections. The Constitution stipulates that all citizens of the People's Republic of China who have reached the age of 18, except persons who have been deprived of their political rights in accordance with the law, shall have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of ethnic status, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education, property status or length of residence. To guarantee its citizens' right to vote and stand for election, China is constantly modifying and improving the electoral system in accordance with the country's actual conditions, and has gradually realized the election of deputies to the people's congresses consonant with the proportion of the populations in urban and rural areas, and ensured that an appropriate number of representatives can appear at the NPC from all regions, ethnic groups and walks of life, realizing complete equality of the voting right of urban and rural residents.
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