為確保公共權(quán)力的正確行使，中國制定了一系列法律法規(guī)制度，以加強(qiáng)對(duì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部行使權(quán)力的制約和監(jiān)督。2007年施行的《中華人民共和國各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)監(jiān)督法》，以法律形式對(duì)各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)加強(qiáng)對(duì)同級(jí)人民政府、人民法院和人民檢察院行政權(quán)、審判權(quán)、檢察權(quán)的監(jiān)督作出規(guī)定。還制定了《中華人民共和國行政監(jiān)察法》、《中華人民共和國審計(jì)法》、《中華人民共和國行政復(fù)議法》、《中華人民共和國行政訴訟法》等法律，建立了行政監(jiān)察、審計(jì)監(jiān)督、行政復(fù)議和行政訴訟制度，加強(qiáng)對(duì)行政機(jī)關(guān)及其工作人員的監(jiān)督。中共中央制定《中國共產(chǎn)黨黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督條例(試行)》及《中國共產(chǎn)黨巡視工作條例(試行)》、《關(guān)于對(duì)黨員領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部進(jìn)行誡勉談話和函詢的暫行辦法》、《關(guān)于黨員領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部述職述廉的暫行規(guī)定》等一系列規(guī)定，對(duì)黨內(nèi)監(jiān)督的各項(xiàng)具體工作進(jìn)行規(guī)范和完善。
為依法依紀(jì)懲治腐敗，中國制定并不斷完善包括刑事處罰、黨紀(jì)處分和政紀(jì)處分在內(nèi)的懲處違法違紀(jì)行為的實(shí)體性法律法規(guī)。在刑事處罰方面，通過制定和修訂《中華人民共和國刑法》，規(guī)定了貪污罪、受賄罪、行賄罪、失職瀆職罪、巨額財(cái)產(chǎn)來源不明罪等腐敗犯罪的刑事責(zé)任，最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院發(fā)布了相關(guān)司法解釋，使之成為懲治腐敗犯罪的重要法律依據(jù)。在黨紀(jì)處分方面，中國共產(chǎn)黨頒布《中國共產(chǎn)黨紀(jì)律處分條例》及其配套規(guī)定，具體規(guī)定黨員違反廉潔自律規(guī)定行為、貪污賄賂行為、違反財(cái)經(jīng)紀(jì)律行為等違犯黨紀(jì)行為及其量紀(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，明確警告、嚴(yán)重警告、撤銷黨內(nèi)職務(wù)、留黨察看和開除黨籍5種黨紀(jì)處分。在政紀(jì)處分方面，國家頒布《行政機(jī)關(guān)公務(wù)員處分條例》，具體規(guī)定政紀(jì)處分原則、權(quán)限以及各類違紀(jì)行為及其量紀(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，明確警告、記過、記大過、降級(jí)、撤職、開除6種政紀(jì)處分。
To ensure the proper exercise of public power, China has en-acted a series of laws and regulations to strengthen restraint and supervision over the exercise of power by leading cadres. The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Supervision of Standing Committees of People’s Congresses at All Levels enacted in 2007 strengthened the supervisory role of those committees in the form of law over the administrative, judicial and procuratorial powers of the people’s governments, people’s courts and people’s procurator-ates at corresponding levels. Also enacted are the Law of the Peo-ple’s Republic of China on Administrative Supervision, Audit Law of the People’s Republic of China, Administrative Reconsideration Law of the People’s Republic of China, Administrative Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China to establish the systems of administrative supervision, audit supervision, administrative re-consideration and administrative procedure to strengthen supervi-sion over the administrative organs and their staff. The CPC Central Committee formulated the Regulations of the Communist Party of China on Intra-Party Supervision (Trial), Regulations of the Communist Party of China on Inspection Work (Trial), Interim Measures on Conducting Admonition Talks and Written Inquiries with Party-member Leading Cadres, and Interim Regulations on Report by Party-member Leading Cadres on Their Work and Integ-rity, institutionalizing and improving various aspects of intra-Party supervision.
To crack down on corruption in line with law and discipline, China have been enacting and continuously improving substantive laws and regulations that punish violations of law and discipline, including criminal punishment, Party discipline and administrative discipline. In the case of criminal punishment, by formulating and revising the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, the liabilities of corruption-related crimes, such as embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty, holding a huge amount of property with an unidentified source, have been defined. The Supreme Peo-ple’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate have worked out relevant judicial interpretations for the law, making them an important legal basis for punishing crimes of corruption. In the case of Party discipline, the CPC promulgated the Regulations on Disciplinary Sanctions of the Communist Party of China and sup-porting provisions, which clearly define conducts of Party mem-bers that go against the Party’s stipulations for clean government and self-discipline, embezzlement and bribery, as well as acts in violation of financial and economic discipline, and prescribe five measures for enforcing Party discipline: explicit warning, stern warning, removal from post within the Party, probation within the Party and expulsion from the Party. In the case of administrative discipline, the state has promulgated the Regulations on the Pun-ishment of Civil Servants in Administrative Organs, which specify the principles, power limit, the types of misconduct and the pun-ishment standards, including explicit warning, recording of demerit, recording of major demerit, demotion, dismissal from post and dis-charge from office.
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