四、特殊教育與融合教育
中國(guó)保障殘疾人享有平等受教育權(quán)，頒布并修訂《殘疾人教育條例》，將殘疾人教育納入《國(guó)家中長(zhǎng)期教育改革和發(fā)展規(guī)劃綱要（2010－2020年）》《中國(guó)教育現(xiàn)代化2035》和《“十三五”推進(jìn)基本公共服務(wù)均等化規(guī)劃》，制定實(shí)施兩期《特殊教育提升計(jì)劃》，著力辦好特殊教育，努力發(fā)展融合教育，提高殘疾人受教育水平。
IV. Special Education and Inclusive Education
China provides equal rights to education for persons with disabilities. The state has promulgated and revised the Regulations on the Education of Persons with Disabilities, included education for them in the “Outline of China’s Plan for Medium- and Long-term Education Reform and Development (2010-2020)”, “China’s Education Modernization 2035”, and “Plan for Promoting Equal Access to Basic Public Services in the 13th Five-year Plan Period”, and enacted two phases of the “Special Education Promotion Plan”. All of this is designed to improve special education, develop inclusive education, and ultimately improve overall education for persons with disabilities.
殘疾人教育體系日趨完備。中國(guó)殘疾人教育以教育部門為辦學(xué)主體，民政、殘聯(lián)和社會(huì)力量輔助，涵蓋學(xué)前教育、初等教育、中等教育和高等教育。以普通學(xué)校隨班就讀為主體，以特殊教育學(xué)校為骨干，以送教上門和遠(yuǎn)程教育為補(bǔ)充，統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)，普特結(jié)合。建立起從幼兒園到高等院校的殘疾兒童和殘疾學(xué)生資助體系，自2016年秋季學(xué)期起，免除普通高中家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難殘疾學(xué)生學(xué)雜費(fèi)，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難殘疾學(xué)生從小學(xué)到高中階段的12年免費(fèi)教育。
The system of education for persons with disabilities has become more complete. In China, education for persons with disabilities is primarily managed by educational departments, assisted by civil affairs organs, disabled persons’ federations, and social organizations. It covers preschool education, elementary education, secondary education, and higher education. Most children with disabilities attend school with children without disabilities or go to special education schools, and some receive education at home either with visiting teachers or through long-distance education programs. Both forms of education are available for coordinated implementation. A funding system has been put in place to cover children and students with disabilities from kindergarten to college. Since the fall semester in 2016, poor students with disabilities in regular senior high schools have been exempt from fees, so that they receive 12-year free education from elementary school to senior high school.
殘疾兒童少年義務(wù)教育普及水平顯著提高。各地按照“全覆蓋、零拒絕”的要求，通過提高特殊教育學(xué)校招生能力、擴(kuò)大普通學(xué)校殘疾學(xué)生隨班就讀規(guī)模及送教上門等多種方式，最大限度地保障適齡殘疾兒童少年接受義務(wù)教育的權(quán)利。特殊教育在校生數(shù)量逐年大幅度上升，視力、聽力、智力等各種類別的殘疾兒童少年受教育機(jī)會(huì)明顯增加。2018年，在校生66.6萬人，比2013年增加29.8萬人，增長(zhǎng)81%。
More children and teenagers with disabilities have received compulsory education. Based on the principle that all school-age children and teenagers with disabilities must go to school and none shall be denied schooling, the state has gone to great lengths to increase the capacity of special education schools and regular schools to accommodate more students with disabilities, as well as designating teachers to go to teach these students at their home. Through these efforts children and teenagers with disabilities enjoy the greatest possible right to compulsory education. The number of students at special education schools has grown significantly over the years, and children and teenagers with visual, hearing, intellectual and other types of impairments now have more chances of schooling
than ever before. In 2018, 666,000 students with disabilities studied on campus, an increase of 298,000 persons, or 81 percent over 2013.
殘疾人非義務(wù)教育穩(wěn)步發(fā)展。不斷擴(kuò)充殘疾兒童學(xué)前教育規(guī)模，除普通幼兒園積極招收殘疾兒童外，還鼓勵(lì)特殊教育學(xué)校增設(shè)學(xué)前班或附屬幼兒園，將家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難的殘疾兒童接受學(xué)前教育納入幼兒資助范圍。2016年，3萬多名在園殘疾幼兒獲得專門資助。2012年至2018年，殘疾人事業(yè)彩票公益金助學(xué)項(xiàng)目共投入約3.1億元，為10.5萬人次家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難的殘疾兒童提供學(xué)前教育資助。舉辦殘疾人高中部（班），擴(kuò)大殘疾人接受高中教育的機(jī)會(huì)。制定《關(guān)于加快發(fā)展殘疾人職業(yè)教育的若干意見》，加快發(fā)展殘疾人職業(yè)教育。2018年，全國(guó)共有殘疾人中等職業(yè)學(xué)校（班）133個(gè)，在校生19475人。穩(wěn)步發(fā)展殘疾人高等教育，努力暢通殘疾人接受高等教育的渠道，制定《殘疾人參加普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試管理規(guī)定》，為殘疾人參加高考提供合理便利和必要支持。2012年至2018年，全國(guó)共有6.22萬殘疾考生進(jìn)入普通高等院校學(xué)習(xí)。在普通高校招生錄取工作中，教育部明確要求，對(duì)肢體殘疾、生活能夠自理、能完成所報(bào)專業(yè)學(xué)習(xí)且高考成績(jī)達(dá)到要求的考生，高校不能因其殘疾而不予錄取，切實(shí)維護(hù)殘疾考生權(quán)利。為增加殘障考生上大學(xué)機(jī)會(huì)，教育部批準(zhǔn)同意22所高校面向殘障考生采取單獨(dú)考試、單列計(jì)劃、單獨(dú)錄取，鼓勵(lì)高校開設(shè)特殊教育專業(yè)。截至2018年6月，全國(guó)已有61所普通本科高校開設(shè)特殊教育專業(yè)，在校生1萬余人。2018年，全國(guó)高職院校開設(shè)特殊教育專業(yè)點(diǎn)37個(gè)。
Non-compulsory education for persons with disabilities has made steady progress. The state has continued to expand the scale of preschool education for children with disabilities, encouraging regular kindergartens to enroll more of them and special education schools to open preschool courses or kindergartens. Preschool costs for disabled children from poor families have been included in funding programs for children. In 2016, more than 30,000 disabled children attending kindergartens received subsidies. From 2012 to 2018, about RMB310 million from the public welfare lotteries for persons with disabilities were used to support preschool education for 105,000 disabled children from poor families.
Senior high schools have opened special departments or classes for students with disabilities, so that they have more opportunities to receive senior high school education. The state has issued the “Directives on Accelerating the Development of Vocational Education for Persons with Disabilities”. In 2018, China had 133 secondary vocational schools or classes with an enrollment of 19,475 students with disabilities.
To develop higher education and provide more channels for students with disabilities, the state has issued the Regulations on the Participation of Persons with Disabilities in the National Exams for Regular Institutions of Higher Education, providing convenient access to exams, along with necessary support for students with disabilities. From 2012 to 2018, a total of 62,200 students with disabilities were enrolled into regular institutions of higher education.
Regarding admissions, to ensure that the rights of examinees with disabilities are fully protected, the Ministry of Education has clear regulations that colleges and universities shall not refuse students with physical disabilities as long as they can care for themselves, can complete their studies in the disciplines they have applied for, and their exam marks have reached the admission requirements.
To provide more opportunities to students with disabilities, the Ministry of Education has ratified 22 higher education institutions to organize exams for them, and distinguished their admission plans from regular admissions. The state encourages institutions of higher education to open disciplines on special education. By June 2018, 61 colleges and universities with regular four-year undergraduate courses were running disciplines on special education, with some 10,000 students. In 2018, higher vocational colleges in China provided 37 programs on special education.
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