努力發(fā)展融合教育。2017年，融合教育首次寫進(jìn)《殘疾人教育條例》?！吨袊逃F(xiàn)代化2035》和《第二期特殊教育提升計劃（2017－2020年）》等文件均提出全面推進(jìn)融合教育。各地不斷完善隨班就讀支持保障體系，加強(qiáng)普通學(xué)校特殊教育資源教室建設(shè)，配備專兼職教師，在普通學(xué)校就讀的殘疾學(xué)生規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大。在普通學(xué)校就讀的殘疾學(xué)生數(shù)由2013年的19.1萬人增加到2018年的33.2萬人，增長73.8%。近10年來，殘疾學(xué)生在普通學(xué)校就讀的比例均超過50%。
Efforts have been made to develop inclusive education. In 2017, inclusive education was covered by the Regulations on the Education of Persons with Disabilities. Other policy papers, such as “China’s Education Modernization 2035” and the “Phase-2 Special Education Promotion Plan (2017-2020)”, have also called for developing inclusive education. Across China efforts have been made to provide the support necessary for students with disabilities to go to regular schools, such as building more classrooms with resources for special education at regular schools and recruiting full-time and part-time teachers of special education. As a result the number of students with disabilities at regular schools has seen a steady increase, from 191,000 in 2013 to 332,000 in 2018, an increase of 73.8 percent. Over the past decade, more than 50 percent of students with disabilities have been able to study at regular schools.
特殊教育公共支出持續(xù)增長。2008年至2015年，國家實施兩期特殊教育學(xué)校建設(shè)項目，財政投入71.42億元，新建、改擴(kuò)建中西部地區(qū)1182所特殊教育學(xué)校，支持61所殘疾人高等院校、中等職業(yè)學(xué)校和特殊師范院校改善辦學(xué)條件。自2014年開始，中央特教專項補(bǔ)助經(jīng)費提高到每年4.1億元，支持范圍由中西部地區(qū)擴(kuò)大到除京津滬以外的所有省份。全國義務(wù)教育階段在普通學(xué)校和特殊教育學(xué)校就讀的殘疾學(xué)生年生均公用經(jīng)費標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提高到6000元。部分地區(qū)將普通學(xué)校隨班就讀教師、送教上門教師納入享受特教津貼范圍。在國家針對城鄉(xiāng)義務(wù)教育學(xué)生免除學(xué)雜費、免費提供教科書、對家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)困難學(xué)生補(bǔ)助生活費的基礎(chǔ)上，各省市還增加了對殘疾學(xué)生的資助項目，并逐步提高資助標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。部分省市實施殘疾學(xué)生從小學(xué)到高中免費教育。遴選確定華東師范大學(xué)等5所院校實施卓越特殊教育教師培養(yǎng)改革項目，在“國培計劃”中專設(shè)特教學(xué)校校長和骨干教師培養(yǎng)項目。截至2018年，培訓(xùn)特教學(xué)校骨干教師10298名、校長726名。
Public spending on special education has continued to grow. In the period from 2008 to 2015, the state introduced two construction programs for special education schools, investing RMB7.14 billion to build, renovate, or expand 1,182 special education schools in China’s central and western regions, and to support improved facilities in 61 institutions of higher education, secondary vocational schools and special education normal schools. Since 2014, the central government has increased the subsidies for special education to RMB410 million per year to cover all areas outside of Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai.
Public spending on students with disabilities in compulsory education at regular and special education schools has increased to RMB6,000 per person per year. In some areas teachers of disabled students at regular schools, and those teaching home-schooled students, receive subsidies for special education teachers. In addition to state policies already in place, such as exemption from tuition and fees, free textbooks, and living subsidies for poor students in compulsory education, students with disabilities have also received subsidies from local governments, and the standards of the subsidies are improving. In some provinces and municipalities directly under the central government, students with disabilities enjoy free education from elementary to senior high school.
East China Normal University and four other colleges and universities have been selected to carry out a special education program to train excellent special education teachers, and the State Training Program for Elementary and Secondary School Teachers has sub-programs for training presidents and teachers of special education schools. By 2018 the program had trained 726 presidents and 10,298 teachers.
五、就業(yè)與創(chuàng)業(yè)
中國以建立勞動福利型殘疾人事業(yè)為目標(biāo)，通過完善法律法規(guī)、拓展就業(yè)渠道、完善服務(wù)體系，促進(jìn)殘疾人就業(yè)權(quán)利的實現(xiàn)。
V. Employment and Entrepreneurship
To create workfare programs for persons with disabilities, China has improved its laws and regulations, expanded channels for employment, and refined the service system to guarantee their right to employment.
殘疾人就業(yè)權(quán)利受到法律保護(hù)?！吨腥A人民共和國殘疾人保障法》對殘疾人就業(yè)作了明確規(guī)定，要求各級人民政府采取優(yōu)惠政策和扶持保護(hù)措施，實現(xiàn)殘疾人多渠道、多層次、多種形式就業(yè)?！吨腥A人民共和國就業(yè)促進(jìn)法》對保障殘疾人的勞動權(quán)利作了規(guī)定。《殘疾人就業(yè)條例》對殘疾人就業(yè)方針、政府職責(zé)、用人單位責(zé)任、保障措施、就業(yè)服務(wù)及法律責(zé)任等作了詳細(xì)規(guī)定。最高人民法院發(fā)布典型案例，依法切實保障殘疾人勞動的權(quán)利，切實維護(hù)殘疾人合法權(quán)益。地方人大和政府也發(fā)布了促進(jìn)殘疾人就業(yè)、鼓勵殘疾人創(chuàng)業(yè)的規(guī)范性文件，保障殘疾人平等就業(yè)。
The right to employment of persons with disabilities is protected by law. The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Persons with Disabilities stipulates that people’s governments at all levels shall formulate preferential policies as well as protective and supportive measures to help persons with disabilities to find employment through multiple channels, at various levels and in a variety of forms. The Employment Promotion Law of the People’s Republic of China contains provisions on the disabled persons’ right to work. The Regulations on the Employment of Persons with Disabilities specifies the details about employment guidelines, government duties, employers’ responsibilities, supportive
measures, employment services, and legal liability for these people. The Supreme People’s Court publishes typical cases to help protect disabled persons’ right to work and their lawful rights and interests in accordance with the law. Local people’s congresses and governments also issue normative documents to promote employment, encourage entrepreneurship and guarantee equal job opportunities for persons with disabilities.
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