7. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves’preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable ◎monogamy. （3+）
難句類型：插入語
譯文：雖然古特曼承認，由于奴隸買賣而造成的被迫離散甚為頻繁，但他還是證明，奴隸的偏愛——在那些奴隸買賣并不頻繁的種植園上被最為顯著地揭示出來——在很大程度上側(cè)重于穩(wěn)定的一夫一妻制（monogamy）。解釋：本句中插入語的使用revealed most clearly on plantations where sale wa infrequent, 后半個分句中的主語that slaves' preference與系動詞was離得太遠，造成閱讀的困難。
意群訓(xùn)練：Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the ◎slaves’ preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much ◎for stable monogamy.
8. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission ◎大of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. （4）
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
譯文：古特曼人令人信服地論辨道，黑人家庭的穩(wěn)定有助于包括民間傳說、音樂、及宗教表達在內(nèi)的黑人文化遺產(chǎn)一代一代傳遞下去，因而在維持文化遺產(chǎn)方面也起著至關(guān)重要的作用，而對于這種文化遺產(chǎn)，黑奴們不斷地從其非洲和美洲的經(jīng)歷中予以豐富發(fā)展。
解釋：由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中，encouraged的賓語the transmission of the Black heritage被同時表示并列和轉(zhuǎn)折的and so 分開，給讀者造成了閱讀上和理解上的困難。最后一個逗號后面的部分是修飾前面的black heritage的同位語。
意群訓(xùn)練：Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.
9. This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests，may have derived from West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. （3+）
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
譯文：古特曼表示，這種對于外部通婚的偏愛很有可能緣起于西部非洲制約著婚姻的規(guī)定，盡管這些規(guī)定在一個和另一個部落群體之間不盡相同，但都涉及到某種對近親聯(lián)姻（union with close kin）的禁止。解釋：本句有兩個插入語，第一個插入語Gutman suggests割裂了主句的主語和謂語。West African rules后跟著兩個修飾成分，第一個是分詞修飾(governing marriage), 第二個是以which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，從句中出現(xiàn)了第二個插入語though they differed from one tribal group to another，又割裂了從句引導(dǎo)詞與謂語之間的聯(lián)系。
意群訓(xùn)練：This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived from West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.
10. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.（4+）
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、抽象詞
譯文：該社會學(xué)家的命題當被應(yīng)用于針對美國黑人的歧視時，相對而言尚能適用，但他對種族偏見所下的定義——◎即“以種族為基礎(chǔ)的、針對某個群體的消級的先入之見，而該群體在任何特定的種族競爭地區(qū)則被普遍認作一種族”——可被理解成同樣也襄括了針對加利福尼亞州的中國人以及中世紀的猶太人這樣一些種族群體的敵視態(tài)度。解釋：本句長度驚人，插入部分比較長，再加上不乏抽象詞，所以較為難懂，在表示轉(zhuǎn)折的后半個分鐘中，長長的插入語as raciallybased negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of thnic competition作為主語his definition of racial prejudice的同位語，使分句中的主謂相隔千山萬水。除此之外，本句用詞抽象，語義難以理解，對讀者的詞匯功底要求較高?？荚嚞F(xiàn)場如無法讀懂，宜用合理化原則中的取非讀法，but之前的分句說的是其論點對美國黑人的種族歧視是較為管用，轉(zhuǎn)折后的內(nèi)容就應(yīng)該說其理論對華人和猶太人相對無用。
意群訓(xùn)練：His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.
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