建立市場配置資源制度。中國政府注重完善制度，強(qiáng)化監(jiān)管，防止在公共資源配置、公共資產(chǎn)交易、公共產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域出現(xiàn)腐敗問題。在工程建設(shè)方面，加快建立統(tǒng)一規(guī)范的有形市場，完善招標(biāo)投標(biāo)法律制度，規(guī)范招標(biāo)投標(biāo)活動。在土地使用權(quán)出讓方面，實(shí)施公開競爭出讓建設(shè)用地使用權(quán)制度，對經(jīng)營性用地通過招標(biāo)、拍賣、掛牌的方式出讓。2001年至2009年，招標(biāo)拍賣掛牌出讓國有土地面積占總出讓面積比例由7.3％上升到85.3％。在產(chǎn)權(quán)交易方面，規(guī)定必須遵循等價(jià)有償和公開、公平、公正、競爭的原則。在政府采購方面，實(shí)行以公開招標(biāo)為主要方式的采購運(yùn)行機(jī)制，2002年至2009年累計(jì)節(jié)約財(cái)政資金3000多億元。在礦產(chǎn)資源開發(fā)方面，嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行探礦權(quán)、采礦權(quán)招標(biāo)拍賣掛牌出讓規(guī)定，嚴(yán)肅查處礦產(chǎn)資源開發(fā)中的違法違紀(jì)行為。
六、依法依紀(jì)查處腐敗案件
依法依紀(jì)查處腐敗案件，是懲治腐敗最直接最有效的手段。中國共產(chǎn)黨和中國政府堅(jiān)持在法律和紀(jì)律面前人人平等，嚴(yán)肅查處黨員干部和國家工作人員中的腐敗行為，保持懲治腐敗的強(qiáng)勁勢頭。
Establishing a system of allocating resources by the market. The Chinese government prioritizes improving systems and tight-ening supervision and regulation to prevent corruption in allotment of public resources, trade of public assets and manufacturing of public products. With regard to construction projects, efforts have been made to speed up the establishment of an integrated and standardized tangible market, improve the legal regime to regulate bid invitation and bidding activities. In the grant of land-use rights, a system of open competition is being carried out to grant the right to use land for construction purposes, while land for commercial use is granted by way of bidding, auction, and for-sale notification. From 2001 to 2009, the area of state-owned land granted through bidding, auction and for-sale notification had increased from 7.3% to 85.3% of the total land area granted. In transaction of property rights, the government rules that the principles of compensation for equal value, openness, fairness, justice and competition must be observed. Regarding government procurement, an operation mechanism featuring mainly public bidding has been enforced, saving over 300 billion yuan of fiscal funds from 2002 to 2009. In the area of mineral resources development, the regulations for bid-ding, auction or for-sale notification concerning the grant of the rights to prospect and exploit mineral resources have been imple-mented rigorously, and any acts going against law and discipline in mineral resources development are to be investigated and punished seriously.
VI. Handling Cases of Corruption in Accordance with Law and Discipline
It is a most direct and effective means to combat corruption by investigating and dealing with cases of corruption in accordance with law and discipline. Upholding the principle that everyone is equal before the law and discipline, the CPC and the Chinese gov-ernment are serious in dealing with corruption among cadres who are Party members and state functionaries, maintaining a stern momentum in the checking of corruption.
中國針對不同時(shí)期腐敗現(xiàn)象發(fā)生的特點(diǎn)，確定查辦案件的重點(diǎn)。20世紀(jì)80年代，重點(diǎn)打擊嚴(yán)重經(jīng)濟(jì)犯罪活動和利用價(jià)格“雙軌制”非法倒買倒賣行為。20世紀(jì)90年代，以查辦黨政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)關(guān)、行政執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)、司法機(jī)關(guān)、經(jīng)濟(jì)管理部門和縣(處)級以上領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部的違法違紀(jì)案件為重點(diǎn)，著重查處貪污賄賂、挪用公款、失職瀆職、貪贓枉法、腐化墮落等方面的案件，加大對金融、房地產(chǎn)、工程建設(shè)等領(lǐng)域案件的查處力度。進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)，在繼續(xù)堅(jiān)持查處以上重點(diǎn)案件的同時(shí)，著重查辦領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部利用人事權(quán)、司法權(quán)、行政審批權(quán)、行政執(zhí)法權(quán)等搞官商勾結(jié)、權(quán)錢交易、索賄受賄的案件，為黑惡勢力充當(dāng)“保護(hù)傘”的案件，嚴(yán)重侵害群眾利益的案件，群體性事件和重大責(zé)任事故背后的腐敗案件。
中國共產(chǎn)黨紀(jì)律檢查機(jī)關(guān)和政府監(jiān)察機(jī)關(guān)始終堅(jiān)持依法依紀(jì)查辦腐敗案件，做到事實(shí)清楚、證據(jù)確鑿、定性準(zhǔn)確、處理恰當(dāng)、手續(xù)完備、程序合法。嚴(yán)格規(guī)范舉報(bào)、受理、初核、立案、調(diào)查、審理、處分、執(zhí)行、案件監(jiān)督管理等各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，堅(jiān)持文明規(guī)范辦案，保障被調(diào)查人員的人身權(quán)、財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)、申辯權(quán)、申訴權(quán)和知情權(quán)等合法權(quán)益。
China has prioritized cases of corruption to be investigated and handled in reponse to the different characteristics of corruption phenomena in different periods. In the 1980s, the crackdown was mainly aimed at serious economic crimes and speculative buying and selling by taking advantage of the double-track price system. In the 1990s, the focus was shifted to breaches of the law and dis-cipline by Party and government leading organizations, administra-tive and law-enforcement departments, judicial organs, economic management departments, and leading cadres above the county (division) level. The emphasis was placed on investigating and dealing with cases of embezzlement, misappropriation of public funds, negligence and dereliction of duty, taking bribes and bend-ing the law, and other official misbehavior and degeneration, and efforts were strengthened to investigate and deal with cases of cor-ruption in the fields of finance, real estate and engineering con-struction. In the 21st century, while making continuous efforts to handle cases in the above-mentioned aspects, the focus has been shifted to investigating and dealing with cases in which leading cadres take advantage of their control over personnel affairs, judi-cial powers, right to administrative examination and approval, and right to administrative law enforcement to act in collusion with lawbreaking businessmen, trade power for money, and solicit and take bribes, cases in which leading cadres provide protective shield for underworld and evil forces, and cases of serious infringement on the interests of the people, and cases of corruption that cause mass disturbances and major accidents due to negligence.
The CPC’s organs for discipline inspection and the govern-ment’s supervisory departments have all along persisted in investi-gating and dealing with cases of corruption in accordance with the law and discipline, making efforts to ensure that the facts are clear, the evidence is irrefutable, the verdict is correct, the handling is appropriate, formalities are complete and the procedure is lawful. All the links have been strictly regulated, including reporting, ac-ceptance of a complaint, preliminary examination, filing a case, investigation, trial, punishment, execution of punishment, and su-pervision and management of a case. The principle of handling all cases in a civilized and standard manner is upheld to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of those who are under investigation, including the right of person, property right, right to defense, right of appeal and right to know.
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