圖4 就業(yè)人員從事產(chǎn)業(yè)的比例變化趨勢
收入、衛(wèi)生、社會保障等人力資源發(fā)展的保障條件逐步改善。隨著社會經(jīng)濟持續(xù)快速發(fā)展，城鄉(xiāng)居民收入實現(xiàn)了穩(wěn)步增長。城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入，由1949年的不足100元人民幣提高到2008年的15781元人民幣；農(nóng)村居民人均純收入由1949年的44元人民幣提高到2008年的4761元人民幣。國家大力開展公共衛(wèi)生體系建設(shè)，為國民健康水平的提高提供保障，截至2009年底，全國共有衛(wèi)生機構(gòu)28.9萬個、衛(wèi)生技術(shù)人員522萬人、醫(yī)院和衛(wèi)生院床位396萬張。近年來，中國政府大力推動社會保障制度建設(shè)，加快建立覆蓋城鄉(xiāng)居民的社會保障體系，努力實現(xiàn)人人享有基本生活保障。2009年，城鎮(zhèn)基本養(yǎng)老保險參保人數(shù)達23550萬人；城鎮(zhèn)職工基本醫(yī)療保險、城鎮(zhèn)居民基本醫(yī)療保險和新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療保險參保人數(shù)合計超過12億人；失業(yè)、工傷和生育保險參保人數(shù)分別達到12715萬人、14896萬人和10876萬人。中國實行最低生活保障制度，截至2009年底，有2347.7萬城鎮(zhèn)居民和4759.3萬農(nóng)村居民享受了政府最低生活保障。國家在全國范圍內(nèi)實施有計劃、有組織的大規(guī)模扶貧開發(fā)，2009年農(nóng)村貧困人口減少為3597萬人，貧困發(fā)生率為3.6％。
二、人力資源開發(fā)的法律體系
中國堅持依法治國方略，積極推進民主立法、科學立法，為人人享有公正平等的發(fā)展權(quán)利，為科學開發(fā)人力資源提供法制保障。經(jīng)過多年發(fā)展，中國逐步形成以憲法為根本依據(jù)，以勞動法、公務(wù)員法為基礎(chǔ)，以勞動合同法、就業(yè)促進法、勞動爭議調(diào)解仲裁法為主體，其他單項法律和行政法規(guī)為重要組成部分的人力資源開發(fā)法律體系。
Gradual improvement of income, health care and social se-curity as guarantees for human resources development. With the country’s sustained and rapid socioeconomic development, the income of urban and rural residents has maintained a stable growth. The aver-age disposable income of urban residents increased from less than RMB 100 yuan in 1949 to 15,781 yuan in 2008; and the average net income of rural residents increased from RMB 44 yuan in 1949 to 4,761 yuan in 2008. Great efforts have been mobilized to build up the public health system so as to provide guarantee for improving the health of people nationwide. By the end of 2009 there were 289,000 medical institutions nationwide, 5.22 million medical workers and 3.96 million hospital beds in total. In recent years, the Chinese government has vigorously accelerated the building of the social security system to cover rural and urban residents and to provide basic life assurance for each individual. In 2009, urban basic retirement insurance covered 235.5 million people; the total number of urban employees covered by basic medical insurance, urban residents covered by basic medical in-surance and people in the countryside covered by the new rural coop-erative medical insurance reached 1.2 billion; unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance and maternity insurance covered 127.15 million, 148.96 million and 108.76 million people, respectively. China implements a subsistence allowance system. By the end of 2009, 23.477 million urban residents and 47.593 million rural residents had enjoyed subsistence allowances from the government. China has im-plemented planned and organized large-scale poverty relief programs throughout the country. In 2009, the rural population living in poverty was reduced to 35.97 million, with the nationwide poverty rate dropping to 3.6%.
II. Legal System for Human Resources Development
Adhering to the strategy based on the rule of law, China actively promotes democratic and scientific legislation to provide legal security for the fair and equal rights of individual development for everyone, and the scientific development of human resources. Through years of development, China has established a human resources development legal system with the Constitution as the essential basis, the Labor Law and the Civil Servant Law as the foundation, the Labor Contract Law, the Employment Promotion Law, and the Law on Mediation and Arbi-tration of Labor Disputes as the main contents, and other separate laws and administrative regulations as major components.
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