轉(zhuǎn)移一般受雙語(yǔ)表達(dá)法機(jī)制的制約,也反映語(yǔ)感機(jī)制的句法優(yōu)化作用。
1. 否定部位轉(zhuǎn)移
將否定放在句中哪-一個(gè)部位上,雙語(yǔ)在大體相同之處,還可能各有不同之處。常見(jiàn)的情況是否定置于動(dòng)詞前與否定置于形容詞或名詞前的轉(zhuǎn)移:
(i) All grapes are not sweet.
并不是所有的葡萄都是甜的。
(ii) 我認(rèn)為自己并不漂亮。
I don't think I am pretty.
當(dāng)然,漢語(yǔ)也可以否定動(dòng)詞:“我并不認(rèn)為自己就是一個(gè)美人”,這時(shí)雙語(yǔ)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)同步:
I don't set up myself for a beauty.
但一般說(shuō)來(lái),漢語(yǔ)傾向于否定判斷詞“是”:
(i) The gardener's life, as a rule, is not all cakes and flowers.
一般說(shuō)來(lái),種花人的一生也并不是四季如花。
(ii) Gardens are not made by singing "Oh, how beautiful" and sitting in the shade. (R. Kipling)
這是英國(guó)作家吉卜林的名句,漢譯否定判斷詞仍是“是”:花園并不是為了哼哼曲子而建造的悠哉悠哉的庇蔭之地。
漢英互譯中動(dòng)詞否定式與名詞否定式之間的轉(zhuǎn)移似乎是最常見(jiàn)的:英語(yǔ)通常否定名詞,漢語(yǔ)傾向于否定動(dòng)詞。如:
(i) Who loves not women, wine and song remains a fool his whole life. (M. Luther)
不愛(ài)女人、美酒和音樂(lè)的人只好一輩子當(dāng)傻瓜了。
(ii) I have no hesitation to agree that I am an agnostic; I do not pretend to know what many ignorant men are sure of.
我毫不猶豫地承認(rèn)我是一個(gè)不可知論者;我決不佯裝我懂得許多無(wú)知者自以為懂得的東西。
2. 主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)移
雙語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換中常需轉(zhuǎn)移主語(yǔ)以利行文:
(i)天才的百分之一是靈感,百分之九十九是汗水。
Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.
(ii)作者掌握了該學(xué)科的基本理論,這一點(diǎn)是沒(méi)有問(wèn)題的。
The author's grasp of the rudiments of the theory of the subject is unquestionable.
漢語(yǔ)句短,語(yǔ)流呈板塊型擴(kuò)展式。這時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移主語(yǔ),擇善而從,可以舉綱張目,加強(qiáng)句子的組織性。這一點(diǎn)對(duì)漢譯外至關(guān)重要。如:
(iii)如今,做個(gè)大丈夫也有他的難處。譬如吵嘴,你就是有理,卻也只能裝著無(wú)理,拱手告降。
One of the embarrassments of being a good husband today is that you are not permitted to defend yourself in a quarrel and have to go down on your knees pretending that you are not on the right side.
3. 重心轉(zhuǎn)移
雙語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換中句首重心與句尾重心往往不需要轉(zhuǎn)換。比如,當(dāng)英語(yǔ)說(shuō)“Figures don't lie.”時(shí),重心似乎在“don't lie”,譯成漢語(yǔ)“數(shù)字是不會(huì)撒謊的”,重心也是判斷語(yǔ)“不會(huì)撒謊”,因?yàn)闈h語(yǔ)的判斷句中判斷詞后是重心。但是,英語(yǔ)句子“Extremes meet, as the whiting said with its tail in its mouth.”(Thomas Hood) 的漢譯則是“正像鱈魚把自己的尾巴塞進(jìn)嘴里時(shí)說(shuō)的,這叫做‘兩極相通’”,重心由句首轉(zhuǎn)移到了句尾。
英語(yǔ)以“be”為聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞的句子漢譯時(shí)表語(yǔ)很可能要與主語(yǔ)作位置轉(zhuǎn)移,這時(shí)也常常帶來(lái)重心的微差。比如:“To do each day two things one dislikes is a percept I have followed scrupulously : everyday I have got up and I have gone to bed." (S. Maugham)
“我有一條恪守不移的成規(guī):每天做兩件我最不樂(lè)意做的事:起身和上床”。另外例如:“Cooking is not like life. If you get a bad meal, you don't have to eat it.”漢譯的重心轉(zhuǎn)移了:“生活可不像做菜:一個(gè)菜沒(méi)有燒好,你可以不吃?!?/p>
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