以國之名悼念逝者。4月4日清明節(jié)，中國舉行全國性哀悼活動，深切悼念抗擊疫情斗爭犧牲烈士和逝世同胞，為沒有等來春天的生命默哀，向所有用生命守護(hù)生命的英雄致敬。從最高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人到普通民眾，14億中國人民以最深的懷念為犧牲烈士和逝世同胞送行。中國以國家之名和最高儀式祭奠逝者，是國家對人民個體尊嚴(yán)與生命的尊重與敬畏，是14億中國人民集體情感背后的團(tuán)結(jié)和力量。

　　（二）舉全國之力抗擊疫情

National tribute to the deceased.On April 4, the Chinese traditional Tomb-sweeping Day, China paid tribute to all those who had given their lives in the fight against Covid-19, and those who had died of the disease. People throughout the country observed a silence to mourn the loss of lives and pay tribute to heroes who had protected others’ lives at the cost of their own. From the top leader to ordinary people, 1.4 billion Chinese bade farewell to their dear departed. This solemn national ceremony demonstrates that the country respects and holds in awe the dignity and lives of people as individuals. It signifies the solidarity and strength of 1.4 billion Chinese.

2.Mobilizing the Whole Country to Fight the Epidemic

　　一方有難，八方支援。疫情發(fā)生后，全國上下緊急行動，依托強(qiáng)大綜合國力，開展全方位的人力組織戰(zhàn)、物資保障戰(zhàn)、科技突擊戰(zhàn)、資源運動戰(zhàn)，全力支援湖北省和武漢市抗擊疫情，在最短時間集中最大力量阻斷疫情傳播?！爸蟹叫袆铀俣戎?、規(guī)模之大，世所罕見，展現(xiàn)出中國速度、中國規(guī)模、中國效率”。（注4）

When a disaster strikes in one location, help comes from all quarters. After the outbreak, the entire country acted promptly. Relying on its overall national strength, China mobilized the people, enhanced R&D, procured supplies, and brought them to those in need rapidly. It mustered the support of the whole country to assist Hubei, and particularly Wuhan, to combat the disease. It pooled all its strength in the shortest period of time, and halted the spread of the epidemic. Hailing the speed and scale of China’s response, WHO Director General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus described it as unprecedented, and said it showed the efficiency and the strength of China’s system.4

　　開展新中國成立以來規(guī)模最大的醫(yī)療支援行動。調(diào)動全國醫(yī)療資源和力量，全力支持湖北省和武漢市醫(yī)療救治。自1月24日除夕至3月8日，全國共調(diào)集346支國家醫(yī)療隊、4.26萬名醫(yī)務(wù)人員、900多名公共衛(wèi)生人員馳援湖北。19個省份以對口支援、以省包市的方式支援湖北省除武漢市以外16個地市，各省在發(fā)生疫情、防控救治任務(wù)十分繁重的情況下，集中優(yōu)質(zhì)醫(yī)療資源支援湖北省和武漢市。人民解放軍派出4000多名醫(yī)務(wù)人員支援湖北，承擔(dān)火神山醫(yī)院等3家醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)的醫(yī)療救治任務(wù)，空軍出動運輸機(jī)緊急運送醫(yī)療物資。各醫(yī)療隊從接受指令到組建2小時內(nèi)完成，24小時內(nèi)抵達(dá)，并自帶7天防護(hù)物資，抵達(dá)后迅速開展救治。在全國緊急調(diào)配全自動測溫儀、負(fù)壓救護(hù)車、呼吸機(jī)、心電監(jiān)護(hù)儀等重點醫(yī)療物資支援湖北省和武漢市（表1）。從全國調(diào)集4萬名建設(shè)者和幾千臺機(jī)械設(shè)備，僅用10天建成有1000張病床的火神山醫(yī)院，僅用12天建成有1600張病床的雷神山醫(yī)院。短短10多天建成16座方艙醫(yī)院，共有1.4萬余張床位。加強(qiáng)臨床血液供應(yīng)，10個省份無償支援湖北省紅細(xì)胞4.5萬單位，血小板1762個治療量，新鮮冰凍血漿137萬毫升（不含恢復(fù)期血漿）。大規(guī)模、強(qiáng)有力的醫(yī)療支援行動，有力保障了湖北省和武漢市救治，極大緩解了重災(zāi)區(qū)醫(yī)療資源嚴(yán)重不足的壓力。

Launching the largest medical assistance operation since the founding of the PRC.China mobilized all its medical resources to support the efforts in Wuhan and other locations in Hubei. From January 24, Chinese New Year’s Eve, to March 8, it rallied 346 national medical teams, consisting of 42,600 medical workers and more than 900 public health professionals to the immediate aid of Hubei and the city of Wuhan. Nineteen provinces and equivalent administrative units assisted 16 other cities in Hubei in the form of paired assistance. While burdened with the heavy responsibility of coronavirus prevention and control and treatment of patients in their home cities, they still pooled together quality medical resources to assist Hubei and Wuhan.

The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) dispatched over 4,000 medical personnel to Hubei to work in epidemic control. They took on medical work in three designated medical institutions, including Huoshenshan Hospital in Wuhan. The PLA Air Force dispatched aircraft to transport emergency medical supplies. Medical teams were formed within two hours of receiving the order, and they arrived at their destinations within 24 hours, carrying a seven-day stock of protective materials. On arrival, they started to treat patients right away.

The government urgently solicited automatic temperature measuring equipment, negative pressure ambulances, ventilators, electrocardiogram monitors, and other key medical supplies from across the country for Wuhan and other locations in Hubei (see Table 1). It mobilized 40,000 construction workers and several thousand sets of machinery and equipment to build two hospitals. The construction of the 1,000-bed Huoshenshan Hospital was completed in just 10 days, and that of the 1,600-bed Leishenshan Hospital in just 12 days. In 10 short days, 16 temporary treatment centers providing over 14,000 beds were built. To increase blood supply for clinical use in surgery, 10 provinces donated to Hubei 45,000 units of red blood cells, 1,762 therapeutic doses of platelets, and 1,370 liters of fresh frozen plasma (not including convalescent plasma). These massive and powerful medical assistance actions have guaranteed Covid-19 treatment in Hubei and Wuhan, greatly relieving the pressure on the hardest-hit areas caused by severe shortages of medical resources.

Table 1. Medical Supplies Sent to Hubei since the Onset of the Epidemic

(As of April 30)

　　大力加強(qiáng)醫(yī)療物資生產(chǎn)供應(yīng)和醫(yī)療支持服務(wù)。疫情防控阻擊戰(zhàn)，也是后勤保障戰(zhàn)。疫情初期，武漢市醫(yī)療防護(hù)物資極度短缺，為了節(jié)省防護(hù)用品、爭分奪秒搶救病患，一線醫(yī)護(hù)人員克服困難，最大限度地延長防護(hù)用品使用時間。為盡快解決醫(yī)療資源短缺和病患急劇增多的突出矛盾，中國充分發(fā)揮制造業(yè)門類全、韌性強(qiáng)和產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈完整配套的優(yōu)勢，克服春節(jié)假期停工減產(chǎn)等不利因素，開足馬力，深挖潛力，全力保障上下游原料供應(yīng)和物流運輸，保證疫情防控物資的大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)與配送。醫(yī)療企業(yè)克服工人返崗不足等困難，以最快速度恢復(fù)醫(yī)療用品生產(chǎn)，最大限度擴(kuò)大產(chǎn)能。其他行業(yè)企業(yè)迅速調(diào)整轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)，生產(chǎn)口罩、防護(hù)服、消毒液、測溫儀等防疫物資，有效擴(kuò)大了疫情防控物資的生產(chǎn)供應(yīng)?？焖賳臃揽蒯t(yī)療物資應(yīng)急審批程序，全面加強(qiáng)質(zhì)量安全監(jiān)管，確保以最快的速度批準(zhǔn)上市、促產(chǎn)保供，截至5月31日，共應(yīng)急批準(zhǔn)17個藥物和疫苗的19件臨床試驗申請，附條件批準(zhǔn)2個疫情防控用藥上市。在各方共同努力下，醫(yī)用物資產(chǎn)能不斷提升，醫(yī)用物資保供實現(xiàn)從“緊缺”到“緊平衡”“動態(tài)平衡”“動態(tài)足額供應(yīng)”的跨越式提升（表2）。2月初，醫(yī)用非N95口罩、醫(yī)用N95口罩日產(chǎn)量分別為586萬只、13萬只，到4月底分別超過2億只、500萬只。暢通供應(yīng)鏈條和物流渠道，建立聯(lián)保聯(lián)供協(xié)作機(jī)制，源源不斷地把全國支援物資運送到疫情防控重點地區(qū)。

Increasing the production and supply of medical supplies and medical support services.Victory in the battle against Covid-19 depends on logistical support. In view of the extreme scarcity of medical protective materials in Wuhan during the early stage of the epidemic, medical workers on the front line overcame difficulties and used every item for the longest possible time, so as to conserve them in the race to save lives. To address the shortfall in medical resources while patient numbers surged, China exploited the full strength of its comprehensive and resilient manufacturing sector and its complete industrial chain.

To overcome the unfavorable combination of a pause in work and the resultant decline in manufacturing output during the Chinese New Year holiday, the Chinese government mobilized factories across the country to operate at full capacity and tap into their full potential. With all its strength, it supported raw materials supplies and transport facilities throughout the industrial chain, so as to ensure large-scale production and distribution of materials for epidemic prevention and control. Medical manufacturers overcame such difficulties as labor shortages caused by workers not having returned to their posts. They resumed production as quickly as possible, and expanded capacity to the maximum.

Enterprises in other industries made rapid adjustments to their manufacturing facilities and turned to producing masks, protective suits, disinfectants, temperature measuring devices, and other products for the fight against the epidemic, thereby effectively expanding the overall output of such materials and equipment. The Chinese government quickly started procedures to review applications for producing medical supplies in times of emergency, and imposed stricter quality and safety supervision across the board, so as to facilitate production, ensure the quickest approval for sale, and guarantee supplies.

As of May 31, relevant authorities had approved 19 applications for clinical trials of 17 medicines and vaccines for coronavirus prevention and control, and conditionally approved the applications for sale of two medicines. Thanks to the joint efforts of many parties, manufacturing capacity for medical supplies increased steadily, and efforts to ensure the supply of medical materials and equipment achieved rapid progress: from acute shortage to borderline sufficiency, then from demand-supply balance to timely and sufficient supplies (see Table 2). The daily output of medical N95 masks and medical non-N95 masks increased from 130,000 and 5.86 million in early February to over 5 million and 200 million by the end of April. These efforts opened up unimpeded supply chains and logistics channels, gave birth to a coordination mechanism ensuring material supply, and allowed continuous transport of materials from across the country to the hardest-hit areas.

Table 2. Production of Key Medical Supplies

(As of April 30)