問：美聯(lián)儲18日公布近日對12個聯(lián)儲地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況褐皮書稱，由于美政府對進(jìn)口鋼鐵和鋁加征關(guān)稅，美全國范圍鋼鐵、鋁價格已上漲。美制造業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)、交通業(yè)等不同行業(yè)企業(yè)表達(dá)了對美政府此舉及未來可能對中國產(chǎn)品加征關(guān)稅的擔(dān)憂。此外，昨天美國總統(tǒng)特朗普與日本首相安倍晉三共見記者時稱，美國對中國汽車征收的關(guān)稅稅率是2.5%，而中國對美國汽車征收的關(guān)稅稅率是25%。美國在對外貿(mào)易中的首要追求是“對等”。中方對此有何評論？
答：我們注意到有關(guān)報道。我還注意到，美國布魯金斯學(xué)會日前也發(fā)表報告稱，美中如打貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)，將導(dǎo)致美國2700個縣丟失超過210萬個就業(yè)崗位。另外，107個工商團(tuán)體已聯(lián)署致函美眾議院籌款委員會反對對華加征關(guān)稅。你提到的美聯(lián)儲的這個報告再次表明，在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)深度融合的今天，搞單邊主義和貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義，必然損人害己。
Q: The US Federal Reserve's latest "Beige Book" on the state of US business across the central bank's 12 regional districts published on April 18 said that steel and aluminum prices rose nationwide as a result of recently-imposed tariffs on imported steel and aluminum by the US government. The US manufacturing, agriculture and transportation industries and enterprises have raised their concern over the US administration's move and possible imposition of tariffs on a wider list of Chinese imports going forward. Yesterday, joined by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, US President Donald Trump told the press that the US tariff rate for Chinese cars is 2.5 percent while the Chinese duty on US cars is 25 percent. "Reciprocal" will be the primary word that they're going to be using in the US trade with China. What is China's comment?
A: We have noted the relevant reports. I also noticed that the Brookings Institution said in a recent report that the China-US trade war could jeopardize up to 2.1 million jobs in 2,700 American counties. In addition, 107 US business and industry groups already sent a letter to the House Ways and Means Committee to oppose the imposition of tariffs on Chinese goods. The Federal Reserve's report you mentioned once again shows that in today's world featuring highly interdependent global economy, seeking unilateralism and trade protectionism is self-defeating as well as harmful to others.
關(guān)于汽車關(guān)稅問題，我只想提醒大家注意幾個事實。第一，美國對乘用車的進(jìn)口稅率是2.5%，但是卡車進(jìn)口稅率是25%。第二，中國25%的稅率是針對進(jìn)口整車的，零部件只有10%。第三，美國在華銷售的大部分汽車都是美國汽車公司在中國的分公司生產(chǎn)的。僅通用一家2017年在中國銷售汽車就有400萬輛左右，其旗下凱迪拉克品牌在華銷售超越美本土市場。應(yīng)該說美國汽車企業(yè)在中國享受了巨大紅利。另一方面，美國2017年對華汽車整車出口28萬多輛，而中國同年對美整車出口僅5.3萬輛。因此，簡單比較中美兩國整車進(jìn)口稅率沒有意義。
關(guān)于“對等”問題，我想說的是，就關(guān)稅而言，世貿(mào)組織并沒有關(guān)稅對等的原則，世貿(mào)組織成員關(guān)稅總水平也不盡相同。對等和公平不能自說自話，不能完全根據(jù)自身利益和需要來制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而是要靠大家平等協(xié)商來制定統(tǒng)一的國際規(guī)則和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而且應(yīng)由大家共同遵守。強(qiáng)買強(qiáng)賣絕不是對等和公平，在這方面如果自作聰明、自以為是，到頭來可能會自食其果。
With regard to the issue of tariffs on imported automobiles, I only want to remind you of several facts. First, though the US tariffs on imported passenger vehicles are only 2.5%, the rate for imported trucks is as high as 25%. Second, China's 25% tariffs are for imported whole vehicles and the rate for components and parts are only 10%. Third, most of the US automobiles sold in China are manufactured by the Chinese branches of those US car-makers. General Motors alone sold as many as around 4 million vehicles in China in 2017, and the Cadillac sold more cars in China than in the US. It is fair to say that the US car-makers have reaped enormous dividends in China. On the other hand, the US exported over 280,000 vehicles to China in 2017, while the Chinese ones exported to the US only amounted to 53 thousand over the same period. Therefore, a simplistic comparison of the Chinese and US tariff rate for imported finished automobiles makes no sense.
Finally, let's talk about the word "reciprocal". I would like to point out that when it comes to tariffs, the WTO doesn't have a principle of reciprocal tariffs and the overall rate varies a lot among the WTO members. The standards of reciprocity and fairness cannot be determined by oneself alone entirely on the basis of its own interests and needs. Instead, unified international rules and standards should be set up through equal negotiations by all and they should be followed by all. Imposing business deals on others is by no means reciprocal or fair, and someone who is self-righteous and presumptuous in this aspect will suffer the consequence of his action.
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