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5. 時(shí)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換
漢語以時(shí)態(tài)助詞(著、了、過)以及時(shí)間副詞或以添加詞語來表示時(shí)態(tài),總之是以詞匯手段表示時(shí)體范疇。漢語思維中時(shí)間模糊度很大,似乎一切均在不言之中,漢語民族心理的時(shí)間默契感很強(qiáng),一般情況下并不造成交際障礙。
(i) I was a modest, good-humoured boy; it is Oxford that has made me insufferable. (Beerbolm)
我本來是一個(gè)謙虛謹(jǐn)慎、人見人愛的孩子,是牛津大學(xué)將我弄得這么人見人嫌。
(譯成漢語后,三個(gè)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)間模糊度很大。)
(ii) 勝利雖已在握,但觀眾還在大喊加油。
Even when victory was no longer at issue the crowd kept yelling “Pour it on! ”
(一般過去→過去進(jìn)行)
6. 語氣轉(zhuǎn)換
如上所述,漢語不注重形態(tài)。語氣范疇在漢語中是隱含的,但: (1)也可以以詞語形式加以表述;(2)在很多的情況下,英語的假設(shè)語氣范疇均被轉(zhuǎn)換成直陳式;(3)通常伴隨時(shí)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換,如:
(i) She might have been pretty once, but now she was stout and her hair was untidy. (R. Zacks)
她過去也許很漂亮,但現(xiàn)在巳經(jīng)發(fā)胖了,而且頭發(fā)也很亂。(以詞匯手段表達(dá)虛擬)
(ii) 如果我是你,我是不會再容忍下去的;你對他真是再好不過了。(直陳式假設(shè)分句、直陳式主謂句)
If I were you, I would never have kept my trap any longer. You could not be better to him.(虛擬,伴隨時(shí)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換)
7. 名詞及代詞數(shù)的轉(zhuǎn)換
在泛指時(shí)漢語傾向于用復(fù)數(shù),名詞、代詞皆然,而英語則常用單數(shù)。如下句:“Here's to woman! Would that we could fall into her arms without falling into her hands. ”(英國作家 J. Bierce 的一句俏皮話),宜將單數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)為復(fù)數(shù),“這一杯敬我們的婦女們!但愿我們只是投進(jìn)她們的懷抱,而不是落入她們的手中”。英語常以單數(shù)作概指、 泛指,而漢語似常相反。