5. The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier——that is，the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system. （4）
史學(xué)家弗雷德里克.杰.特納（Frederick J.Turner）于十九世紀(jì)九十年代著述道，美國約自18世紀(jì)70年代以來一直在持續(xù)不斷發(fā)展的農(nóng)民不滿，由于國內(nèi)邊遠地區(qū)（internal frontier）的封閉而更趨加劇——亦即是說，美國農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)進一步擴展所必需的可資利用的新土地幾近耗竭。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
解釋：典型的句子套句子。主句是F.J.T. wrote that，賓語從句中主干是the agrarian discontent had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier，在從句的主語the agrarian discontent后面又來了一個定語從句。
意群訓(xùn)練：The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier——that is，the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system.
6. In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers，to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. （4）
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
譯文：二十世紀(jì)五十年代早期，研究前工業(yè)化時代歐洲（此處我們可將其界定為約自1300年至1800年這一時期的歐洲）的史學(xué)家，首次以眾多的人數(shù)（楊鵬的書中：第一次以大量的數(shù)據(jù)），開始調(diào)查前工業(yè)化時代歐洲人口中的大多數(shù)，而非那些構(gòu)成了政治與社會精英階層的百分之二或三的人口，即國王、將軍、法官、貴族、主教、以及地方上的達官顯貴，而正是這部分人一直到那時為止普遍充斥于史學(xué)著作。
解釋：句子中有兩個插入語，一個是跟在preindustrial Europe之后的which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800,這個插入語的直接作用是解釋前面的preindustrial Europe的年代，而起到的客觀作用則是把主句中的主語和謂語分割得很遠；第二個插入語是在began，for the first time in large numbers, to investingate中間，把一個好好的began to斬為兩段。
這句話另外一個難以理解的地方是more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent，表示的是在工業(yè)化以前的歐洲人口中超過了那2%到3%的人，亦即占97%到98%的人民群眾。
意群訓(xùn)練：In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers，to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.
7. Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups （these attitudes include，but are not confined to，attitudes toward crime and the law）and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. （3+）
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
譯文：象勒羅伊。拉迪里（Le Roy Ladurie）一類的史學(xué)家利用這些文獻史料從中挖掘出某些個案史（case history）來，闡明了不同社會群體的態(tài)度（這些態(tài)度包括，但并非局限于，對犯罪和法律的態(tài)度），并揭示出當(dāng)局是如何執(zhí)行審判的。
解釋：逗號以后的內(nèi)容都是修飾逗號以前的case history的。在which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句中有一個插入語(these attitudees includee, but are not confined to, attitudees toward crime and the law)，我們可以看到這個插入語中又套了一個插入語but not confined to。
意群訓(xùn)練：Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups （these attitudes include，but are not confined to，attitudes toward crime and the law）and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.
8. It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following? （5）
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
譯文：從文章中可以推斷出來，一個希望比較十五世紀(jì)以前一個十年的某個歐洲城市中的每千人的犯罪率與另外一個十年中的犯罪率的歷史學(xué)家將會被以下那種信息的提高所最好的幫助？
解釋：句首的it是形式主語，其具體內(nèi)容是從that開始到句子結(jié)束的全部內(nèi)容。That從句中，主語a historyian之后修飾它的超長的定語從句是這個句子難以讀懂的原因。Compare crime rates with crime rates中間被修飾第一個crime rates的兩個修飾成分perthousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century分隔得很遠。在with之后的第二個crime rates后面，省略了與前面重復(fù)的per thousand in a European city。
意群訓(xùn)練：It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following?
9. My point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. （4）
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
譯文：我的論點是，其作品的中心意識——它將階級和性別作為人們生活的決定性影響而作出的深邃理解——在很大程度上借鑒了那個早期的文學(xué)遺產(chǎn)，而這一遺產(chǎn)就總體而言還尚未獲得大多數(shù)當(dāng)代文學(xué)評論家的足夠重視。
解釋：賓語從句中的主語和謂語被長插入語分開，造成閱讀障礙。插入語中有一個固定搭配understanding of A as B，是把A理解成B的意思。不過本句中as的賓語不容易理解：shaping influences on people’s lives可以理解成“形成了對人們生活的影響”也可以理解成“對人們生活的塑造性(決定性)影響”。當(dāng)然后面的理解是正確的，然而在閱讀現(xiàn)場想要在瞬間做出正確判斷，還有賴于考生的閱讀理解力和詞匯功底的深淺。插入語后面還有一個固定搭配：A owes much to B，指前者有很多東西是來自于后者，得益于后者的。
意群訓(xùn)練：My point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.
10. Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.（5）
即使是這樣的要求，即從這些材料中加工出來的生物材料應(yīng)該對受移植者的組織無害，也能夠通過從研究組織培養(yǎng)對生物材料的反應(yīng)而來的，或從研究短期移植而來的技術(shù)來滿足。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略、專有名詞、固定搭配
解釋：主語the requirement后面帶著一個長長的修飾主語的同位語；由于requirement的同位語中要求使用虛擬語氣，所以其中的系動詞成了原型(should be省略了should)。如此之長的修飾成分過后，謂語can be met與主語的關(guān)系已經(jīng)很難理清了。從by開始的狀語結(jié)構(gòu)更為復(fù)雜；修飾techniques的后置的定語derived from studying the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials or derived from studying short-term implants實際上是由or所連接的兩個固定搭配the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials；第二個derive from中還套了另外一個固定搭配the reactions of tissure cultures to biomaterials；第二個derive from則干脆把derive給省略了。此外，本句的專有名詞奇多，這使得閱讀的難度非常高。
意群訓(xùn)練：Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.
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